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Urban design in central Sydney 1945-2002; Laissez-Faire and discretionary traditions in the accidental city

机译:1945年至2002年悉尼市中心的城市设计;放任城市的自由放任传统

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摘要

This paper explores the laissez faire and discretionary traditions adopted for development control in Central Sydney over the last half century. It focuses upon the design dimension of control, and the transition from a largely design agnostic system up until 1988, to the serious pursuit of design excellence by 2000. Six eras of design/development control are identified, consistent with particular market conditions of boom and bust, and with particular political regimes at State and City levels. The constant tensions between State Government and City Council, and the interventions of state advisory committees and development agencies, Tribunals and Courts are explored as the pursuit of design quality moved from being a perceived barrier to economic growth to a pre-requisite for global competitiveness in the pursuit of international investment and tourism. These tensions have given rise to the description of Central Sydney as 'the Accidental City'. By contrast, the objective of current policy is to consistently achieve 'the well-mannered and iconic' in architecture and urban design. Beginning with the regulation of building height by the State in 1912, the Council's development approval powers have been severely curtailed by State committees and development agencies, by two suspensions of the Council, and more recently (1989) by the establishment of a joint State-Council committee to assess major development applications. The creation of a 'negotiation syndrome' in control is explained along with the 'forum shopping' by developers as they sought to maximise their floor space allowances, and pursue the floor space bonuses introduced in 1971. The city vacillated between administrative and discretionary control systems, but the latter consistently prevailed, even through to the present. The resultant patterns of development have done much to destroy the City's fine 19th Century architectural heritage and the quality of its public realm, and are a denial of the city's spectacular setting. Ironically it was the State Government that first recognised the need for better quality design in the Darling Harbour redevelopment and other Bicentenary projects, and who first established design principles that could operate city wide in the 1988 Strategy. But the joint State-City planning committee found it difficult to develop the necessary statutory plan to create an effective planning framework until 1993, though its scrutiny of major applications improved significantly. From 1991 onwards a new Independent Mayor, working under significant State imposed constraints, drove the pre 2000 Olympics planning agenda, placing an increasing emphasis on urban design. Major policy developments in a revised Statutory Local Environment Plan, backed by Heritage and Development Control (guidance) plans, set a more design informed agenda. Visions of the 'Living City' were driven by over-generous residential and hotel bonuses that undermined design quality but revitalised city life. An 'Accessible City' vision was driven forward by a major capital programme of civic space and street improvements. The final piece of the jigsaw was the Mayor's invention of a design excellence process that introduces design competitions into all major development projects, and seems to be consistently improving design quality in the City.
机译:本文探讨了过去半个世纪以来在悉尼市中心进行发展管制所采用的自由放任和自由​​裁量的传统。它侧重于控制的设计维度,以及从直到1988年的很大程度上与设计无关的系统到2000年认真追求卓越设计的过渡。确定了六个设计/开发控制时代,与繁荣和繁荣的特定市场条件相符。破产,并且在州和市一级具有特定的政治体​​制。随着对设计质量的追求从对经济增长的认识障碍变为对全球竞争力的先决条件,探索了州政府与市议会之间的持续紧张关系,以及州咨询委员会和发展机构,法庭和法院的干预。追求国际投资和旅游。这些紧张关系导致悉尼市中心被描述为“偶然的城市”。相比之下,当前政策的目标是在建筑和城市设计中始终实现“精心设计和标志性”。从1912年国家对建筑高度进行监管开始,国家委员会和发展机构,安理会两次暂停会议,最近(1989年)通过建立联合州政府,严重限制了安理会的发展批准权。理事会委员会评估主要开发应用程序。开发商解释了“谈判综合症”在控制中的产生以及“论坛购物”的产生,因为他们试图最大化自己的建筑面积补贴,并寻求1971年引入的建筑面积奖金。这座城市在行政和自由控制制度之间摇摆不定,但后者一直流行,甚至一直持续到现在。由此产生的发展模式极大地破坏了纽约市19世纪的精美建筑遗产和公共领域的质素,并且否认了这座城市壮观的环境。具有讽刺意味的是,州政府首先认识到在达令港重建和其他百年纪念项目中需要更高质量的设计,并在1988年战略中首先确立了可在全市范围内使用的设计原则。但是,州与城市联合计划委员会发现很难制定必要的法定计划以建立有效的计划框架,直到1993年,尽管对主要应用程序的审查显着改善。从1991年起,新的独立市长在国家施加的重大制约下工作,推动了2000年以前的奥运会规划议程,越来越重视城市设计。在遗产与发展控制(指导)计划的支持下,经修订的《法定地方环境计划》中的主要政策发展设定了更加注重设计的议程。 “居住城市”的愿景是由过分慷慨的住宅和酒店奖金推动的,这些奖金削弱了设计质量,但振兴了城市生活。一项重大的公民空间和街道改造基本计划推动了“无障碍城市”的愿景。拼图的最后一块是市长发明的一项卓越设计流程,该流程将设计竞赛引入所有主要开发项目中,并且似乎一直在提高纽约市的设计质量。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Progress in Planning》 |2005年第pt1期|p.11-160|共150页
  • 作者

    John Punter;

  • 作者单位

    School of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3WA, UK;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 城市规划;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-18 00:18:47

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