A comparison of electricity and hydrogen production systems with CO_2 capture and storage—Part B: Chain analysis of promising CCS options

摘要

Promising electricity and hydrogen production chains with CO_2 capture, transport and storage (CCS) and energy carrier transmission, distribution and end-use are analysed to assess (avoided) CO_2 emissions, energy production costs and CO_2 mitigation costs. For electricity chains, the performance is dominated by the impact of CO_2 capture, increasing electricity production costs with 10-40% up to 4.5-6.5 €ct/kWh. CO_2 transport and storage in depleted gas fields or aquifers typically add another 0.1-1 €ct/kWh for transport distances between 0 and 200 km. The impact of CCS on hydrogen costs is small. Production and supply costs range from circa 8 €/GJ for the minimal infrastructure variant in which hydrogen is delivered to CHP units, up to 20€/GJ for supply to households. Hydrogen costs for the transport sector are between 14 and 16€/GJ for advanced large-scale coal gasification units and reformers, and over 20 €/GJ for decentralised membrane reformers. Although the CO_2 price required to induce CCS in hydrogen production is low in comparison to most electricity production options, electricity production with CCS generally deserves preference as CO_2 mitigation option. Replacing natural gas or gasoline for hydrogen produced with CCS results in mitigation costs over 100 €/t CO_2, whereas CO_2 in the power sector could be reduced for costs below 60€/t CO_2 avoided.