Distinguishing between what is false and what is based in truth requires some exploration. "Fake-ness" can exist as a hoax or as propaganda. A particular article or source could be unreliable, either accidentally or purposely, incidentally, or wholly and consistendy. Librarians teaching information literacy and educators responsible for developing students' critical thinking capabilities within a discipline are well aware of the telltale signs, but few individuals apply critical thinking with rigor outside the classroom. Erroneous information can be displayed or published unwittingly and benignly, without any malicious intent—but misinformation can turn into harmful malinformation. Here are some examples: 1.Unauthenticated sourcing, misattribution, and crowdsourced news can be misleading and contain biases. This can be exacerbated when video of one incident is mislabeled and circulated as "proof" of a similar act in another place, at another time, or with altered audio, aka deepfakes.2.Unsubstantiated claims and bogus claims also need to be checked and authenticated (or called out as false).3.Non-specific language can contribute to confusion, or worse.
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