Aqueous, in situ primary circuit decontamination

摘要

Germany was confronted with the decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) issue when the 13th amendment to the German Atomic Energy Act was passed in the backlash following the Fukushima accident. With it, Germany's nuclear programme reversed almost overnight from life extension to immediate and permanent shut down. This caused a major overhaul in the utilities' operational and financial strategies, forcing them to re-examine the cost-effectiveness of their D&D programmes.