Purpose Retrograde drilling of osteochondral lesions (OCLs) is a recommended, but demanding operative approach for revascularization of lesions in stage 1–3 according to Berndt and Harty after failed conservative treatment. The gold standard of intraoperative driller guidance is fluoroscopic control. Limitations are a 2D visualization of a 3D procedure and sometimes limited view of the OCL in fluoroscopy, leading to increased radiation exposure. A new image-free navigation procedure was evaluated for practicability and precision in first clinical applications.
展开▼
