Characterization of Fluxional Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes of Acetic Acid and Acetate by NMR: Geometries and Isotope and Solvent Effects

摘要

~1H, ~2H, and ~(13)C NMR spectra of enriched CH_3~(13)COOH acid without and in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium acetate have been measured around 110 K using a liquefied Freon mixture CDF_3/CDF_2Cl as a solvent, as a function of the deuterium fraction in the mobile proton sites. For comparison, spectra were also taken of the adduct CH_3~(13)COOH·SbCl_5 1 and of CH_2Cl~(13)COOH under similar conditions, as well as of CH_3~(13)COOH and CH_3~(13)COO~- dissolved in H_2O and D2O at low and high pH at 298 K. The low temperatures employed allowed us to detect several well-known and novel hydrogen-bonded complexes in the slow hydrogen bond exchange regime and to determine chemical shifts and coupling constants as well as H/D isotope effects on chemical shifts from the fine structure of the corresponding signals. The measurements show that self-association of both carboxylic acids in Freon solution gives rise exclusively to the formation of cyclic dimers 2 and 3 exhibiting a rapid degenerate double proton transfer. For the first time, a two-bond coupling of the type 2J(CH_3COOH) between a hydrogen-bonded proton and the carboxylic carbon has been observed, which is slightly smaller than half of the value observed for 1. In addition, the ~1H and ~2H chemical shifts of the HH, HD, and the DD isotopologues of 2 and 3 have been determined as well as the corresponding HH/HD/DD isotope effects on the ~(13)C chemical shifts. Similar "primary", "vicinal", and "secondary" isotope effects were observed for the novel 2:1 complex "dihydrogen triacetate" 5 between acetic acid and acetate. Another novel species is the 3:1 complex "trihydrogen tetraacetate" 6, which was also characterized by a complex degenerate combined hydrogen bond- and proton-transfer process. For comparison, the results obtained previously for hydrogen diacetate 4 and hydrogen maleate 7 are discussed. Using an improved 1H chemical shift-hydrogen bond geometry correlation, the chemical shift data are converted into hydrogen bond geometries. They indicate cooperative hydrogen bonds in the cyclic dimers; i.e., widening of a given hydrogen bond by H/D substitution also widens the other coupled hydrogen bond. By contrast, the hydrogen bonds in 5 are anticooperative. The measurements show that ionization shifts the 13C signal of the carboxyl group to low field when the group is immersed in water, but to high field when it is embedded in a polar aprotic environment. This finding allows us to understand the unusual ionization shift of aspartate groups in the HIV-pepstatin complex observed by Smith, R.; Brereton, I. M.; Chai, R. Y.; Kent, S. B. H. Nature Struct. Biol. 1996, 3, 946. It is demonstrated that the Freon solvents used in this study are better environments for model studies of amino acid interactions than aqueous or protic environments. Finally, a novel correlation of the hydrogen bond geometries with the H/D isotope effects on the 13C chemical shifts of carboxylic acid groups is proposed, which allows one to estimate the hydrogen bond geometries and protonation states of these groups. It is shown that absence of such an isotope effect is not only compatible with an isolated carboxylate group but also with the presence of a short and strong hydrogen bond.