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Generalized training effects induced by athletic preparation

机译:运动准备引起的广义训练效果

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The present review deals with training effects produced by training pieces of different duration. Athletes' responses to training workloads can be considered hierarchically, where the most intimate level encompasses changes produced at the cellular and molecular levels, while the generalized level summarizes the most integrative training outcomes, which characterize athletes' adaptability, preparedness and readiness for forthcoming workloads. These training outcomes, called generalized training effects (GTE) are considered to be closely linked with duration and mode of training workloads. Summarizing earlier and more recent publications, GTEs are categorized as acute, immediate, cumulative, delayed and residual training effects, which encompass changes induced by 1) a single exercise; 2) a single workout or training day; 3) a series of workouts; or 4) obtained over a given time interval after a program completion; or (5) changes retained after cessation of training beyond a give time period. Each one these GTEs has a three-fold characterization: 1) variables of executed workloads; 2) athletes' responses to workloads and training-induced changes in their state; 3) changes in athletic performance as described by sport specific indicators. Although the concept of GTE is far from complete in terms of an understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the short-, medium-, and long-term changes caused by athletic training, a number of fundamental theories and statements contribute to its scientific background. They are Cannon's theory of homeostasis; Salye's theory of stress adaptation; Weigert's law of super-compensation; and Lamarck's classic theory of evolution regarding the "use" and "disuse" of any organ or function.
机译:本综述涉及由不同持续时间的训练片产生的训练效果。运动员对训练工作量的反应可以分层考虑,其中最亲密的水平包括在细胞和分子水平上产生的变化,而广义的水平总结了最综合的训练结果,这表征了运动员对即将到来的工作量的适应性,准备性和准备性。这些被称为广义训练效果(GTE)的训练结果被认为与训练工作量的持续时间和方式密切相关。总结较早和较新的出版物,GTE分为急性,即时,累积,延迟和残余训练效果,其中包括1)单项运动引起的变化; 2)一天的锻炼或训练; 3)一系列的锻炼;或4)在程序完成后的给定时间间隔内获得的;或(5)在超过指定时间后停止训练后保留的变更。这些GTE的每一个都有三个特征:1)执行工作负载的变量; 2)运动员对工作量和训练引起的状态变化的反应; 3)运动表现的变化,具体取决于运动指标。尽管就理解由运动训练引起的短期,中期和长期变化的生理机制而言,GTE的概念还远远不够完整,但许多基本理论和陈述有助于其科学背景。它们是坎农的稳态理论。 Salye的压力适应理论;魏格特超补偿定律;和拉马克的经典进化论有关任何器官或功能的“使用”和“废弃”。

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