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The landlord class, peasant differentiation, class struggle and the transition to capitalism: England, France and Prussia compared *

机译:地主阶级,农民分化,阶级斗争和向资本主义的过渡:英格兰,法国和普鲁士的比较*

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The three examples considered - England, France and Prussia - are all very important instances of capitalist agrarian transformation. They illustrate, moreover, strikingly different paths of agrarian transition. These are termed, respectively, landlord-mediated capitalism from below, capitalism delayed, and capitalism from above, and an explanation is offered of how these different outcomes came to pass and of why there was such a marked divergence in the nature of agrarian transition. It is argued that the character of the landlord class and of class struggle have determined both the timing of each transition and the nature of the transition. Both the quality of the landlord class and the manner and outcome of the class struggle have sometimes delayed, perhaps for prolonged periods, and sometimes hastened transition; and have had profound implications for the nature and quality of the transformation and how reactionary or progressive it has been. In this the state has always played a prominent part. It is further argued that differentiation of the peasantry is central to transformation: it is not an outcome but a determining variable, a causa causans rather than a causa causata. Differentiation of the peasantry feeds into and interacts with the landlord class and class struggle, these three being critical to the eventual outcome. The distinctly varying trajectories in the three crucial instances are explained in these terms.
机译:所考虑的三个例子-英格兰,法国和普鲁士-都是资本主义农业转型的非常重要的例子。此外,它们还说明了农业转型的截然不同的路径。这些分别被称为地下的地主介导的资本主义,资本主义的滞后和资本的之上,并解释了这些不同的结果是如何发生的,以及为什么农业过渡的性质如此明显地不同。有人认为,地主阶级和阶级斗争的性质决定了每个过渡的时机和过渡的性质。地主阶级的素质以及阶级斗争的方式和结果有时都延迟了,也许是拖延了很长时间,有时还加速了过渡。并对变革的性质和质量以及变革的反作用或进步产生了深远的影响。在这种情况下,国家始终发挥着重要作用。进一步认为,农民的分化是转型的核心:它不是结果,而是决定性变量,即因果关系而不是因果关系。农民的分化会影响地主阶级和阶级斗争并与之互动,这三点对于最终结果至关重要。用这些术语解释了三个关键实例中截然不同的轨迹。

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