Multi Modes of Intervention at the Macro Level

摘要

This presentation posits a multidimensional formulation of community intervention, comprising nine variants of practice. It builds on this author's earlier threefold concept, but expands and elaborates it in cross-tab fashion. Accordingly, there is a breakout into three distinct forms respectively of social planning/policy practice, of capacity development, and of advocacy. Some of these modes are unidimensional and others combine strategic elements. Empirical examples of each mode are provided. These practice modes need not be seen as conflicting initiatives. Both rationalistic planning in formal organizations and participatory forms of grassroots problem solving have merits, which can be magnified when linked. A significant challenge for social development involves mixing the best features of laissez faire societies that emphasize voluntarism and freedom with the best features of more collectivist societies that emphasize system planning and equality.