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Foraging behaviour in tadpoles of the bronze frog Rana temporalis: Experimental evidence for the ideal free distribution

机译:青铜蛙蛙蛙t的觅食行为:理想自由分布的实验证据

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The ability of bronze frog Rana temporalis tadpoles (pure or mixed parental lines) to assess the profitability of food habitats and distribute themselves accordingly was tested experimentally using a rectangular choice tank with a non-continuous input design. Food (boiled spinach) was placed at two opposite ends of the choice tank in a desired ratio (1 : 1, 1 : 2 or 1 : 4) to create habitat A and B. The tadpoles in Gosner stage 28-33, pre-starved for 24 h, were introduced in an open ended mesh cylinder placed in the center of the choice tank, held for 4 min (for acclimation) and then released to allow free movement and habitat selection. The number of tadpoles foraging at each habitat was recorded at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min time intervals. The actual suitability, S-i (the food available in a habitat after colonization of tadpoles) of each habitat was obtained from the equation S-i = B-i -f(i) (d(i)) where B-i is basic suitability (amount of food provided at each habitat before release of tadpoles), f(i) is the rate of depletion of food (lowering effect) with introduction of each tadpole, and d(i) is the density of tadpoles in habitat i. The expected number of tadpoles at each habitat was derived from the actual suitability. With no food in the choice tank, movement of the tadpoles in the test arena was random indicating no bias towards any end of the choice tank or the procedure. In tests with a 1 : 1 food ratio, the observed ratio of tadpoles (11.71 : 12.28) was comparable with the expected 12 : 12 ratio. The observed number of tadpoles in the habitats with a 1 : 2 food ratio was 8.71 : 15.29 and 7.87 : 16.13 for pure and mixed parental lines respectively. In both cases, the observed ratios were close to the expected values (7 : 17). Likewise, in experiments with a I : 4 food ratio, the observed number of tadpoles in the two habitats (10.78 : 37.22) did not differ significantly from the expected ratio of 7 : 41. In all tests, the number of R. temporalis tadpoles matched ideally with habitat profitability (undermatching index K congruent to 1). The study shows that tadpoles of the bronze frog exhibit an ideal free distribution while foraging regardless of whether they are siblings or non-siblings in a group, which correlates well with their group living strategy in nature.
机译:使用具有非连续输入设计的矩形选择罐,通过实验测试了青铜青蛙蛙蛙(纯种或混合亲本系)评估食物生境的获利能力并据此分布自身的能力。将食物(煮沸的菠菜)以所需的比例(1:1、1:1:2或1:1:4)放置在选择罐的两个相对端,以形成栖息地A和B。Go在Gosner阶段28-33,饥饿24小时,将其引入放置在选择罐中央的开口网眼圆筒中,保持4分钟(以适应环境),然后释放以自由移动和选择生境。以10、15、20、25和30分钟的时间间隔记录在每个栖息地觅食的of的数量。从等式Si = Bi -f(i)(d(i))获得每个栖息地的实际适宜性Si((栖息后可在该栖息地获得的食物),其中Bi是基本适宜性(在release释放前的每个生境),f(i)是引入每个introduction后食物的消耗率(降低作用),而d(i)是生境i中of的密度。 habitat在每个栖息地的预期数量是根据实际适宜性得出的。在选择罐中没有食物的情况下,the在试验场中的运动是随机的,这表明对选择罐或程序的任何末端都没有偏见。在食物比例为1:1的测试中,观察到的ratio比例(11.71:12.28)与预期的12:12比例相当。在食物比例为1:2的栖息地中,纯种和混合亲本的mixed的数量分别为8.71:15.29和7.87:16.13。在两种情况下,观察到的比率都接近预期值(7:17)。同样,在食物比例为I:4的实验中,在两个栖息地中观察到的number数(10.78:37.22)与预期的比例为7:41并没有显着差异。在所有测试中,颞temporal的the数与栖息地获利能力完美匹配(匹配指数K等于1)。研究表明,青铜蛙的exhibit在觅食时表现出理想的自由分布,无论它们是同胞还是非同胞,都与它们的自然生活策略密切相关。

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