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  • 期刊名称：

    Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on

  • 中文名称： 智能交通系统，IEEE事务
  • 刊频：
  • ISSN： 1524-9050
  • 出版社： -
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  • 1.

    【24hr】Stereovision-Based Multiple Object Tracking in Traffic Scenarios Using Free-Form Obstacle Delimiters and Particle Filters

    包量

    机译 使用自由形式障碍物分隔符和粒子过滤器的交通场景中基于立体视觉的多对象跟踪
    摘要：In this paper we present a stereovision-based approach for tracking multiple objects in crowded environments where, typically, the road lane markings are not visible and the surrounding infrastructure is not known. The proposed technique relies on measurement data provided by an intermediate occupancy grid derived from processing a stereovision-based elevation map and on free-form object delimiters extracted from this grid. Unlike other existing methods that track rigid objects using also rigid representations, we present a particle filter-based solution for tracking visual appearance-based free-form obstacle representations. At each step, the particle state is described by two components, i.e., the object's dynamic parameters and its estimated geometry. In order to solve the high-dimensionality state–space problem, a Rao–Blackwellized particle filter is used. By accurately modeling the object geometry using the polygonal lines instead of a 3-D box and, at the same time, separating the position and speed tracking from the geometry tracking at the estimator level, the proposed solution combines the efficiency of the rigid model with the benefits of a flexible object model.
  • 2.

    【24hr】Information Dissemination Delay in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Networks in a Traffic Stream

    包量

    机译 车流通信中车对车通信网络中的信息传播延迟
    • 作者：Du L.;Dao H.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2015年第1期
    摘要：Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication networks, as one of the core components of connected vehicle systems, have been granted many promising applications to address traffic mobility, safety, and sustainability. However, only a limited amount of work has been completed to understand the fundamental properties of information propagation in such systems, while comprehensively considering traffic and communication reality. Motivated by this view, this proposed research develops analytical formulations to estimate information propagation time delay via a V2V communication network formed on a one-way or two-way road segment with multiple lanes. Distinguished to previous efforts, the proposed study carefully involves several critical communication and traffic flow features in reality, such as wireless communication interference, intermittent information transmission, and dynamic traffic flow. Moreover, this study elaborately analyzes the interactions between information and traffic flow under sparse and congested traffic flow conditions. The numerical experiments based on Next-Generation Simulation field data illustrate that the proposed analytical formulations are able to provide very good estimation, with the relative error less than 5%, for the information propagation time delay on a one-way or two-way road segment under various traffic conditions. The proposed work can be further extended to characterize information propagation time delay and coverage over local transportation networks.
  • 3.

    【24hr】Nighttime Visibility Analysis and Estimation Method in the Presence of Dense Fog

    包量

    机译 浓雾存在下的夜间能见度分析与估计方法
    摘要：Compared with daytime, a larger proportion of road accidents happens during nighttime. The altered visibility for drivers partially explains this situation. It becomes worse when dense fog is present. In this paper, we first define a standard night visibility index, which allows specifying the type of fog that an advanced driver assistance system should recognize. A methodology to detect the presence of night fog and characterize its density in images grabbed by an in-vehicle camera is then proposed. The detection method relies on the visual effects of night fog. A first approach evaluates the presence of fog around a vehicle due to the detection of the backscattered veil created by the headlamps. In this aim, a correlation index is computed between the current image and a reference image where the fog density is known. It works when the vehicle is alone on a highway without external light sources. A second approach evaluates the presence of fog due to the detection of halos around light sources ahead of the vehicle. It works with oncoming traffic and public lighting. Both approaches are illustrated with actual images of fog. Their complementarity makes it possible to envision a complete night-fog detection system. If fog is detected, its characterization is achieved by fitting the different correlation indexes with an empirical model. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed method. The main applications for such a system are, for instance, automation or adaptation of vehicle lights, contextual speed computation, and reliability improvement for camera-based systems.
  • 4.

    【24hr】HAZOP Study on the CTCS-3 Onboard System

    包量

    机译 CTCS-3车载系统的HAZOP研究
    摘要：The safe operation of Chinese Train Control System Level 3 (CTCS-3) is of great significance, particularly with respect to the increasing operational speed and expanding railway networks of the Chinese high-speed railway system, which has drawn deep concern from both customers and strategic makers. A hazard and operability (HAZOP) study has been recognized as an effective systematic examination to identify any potential problems existing in various industrial processes or operations. This paper presents a process of applying a HAZOP study to identify the hazards of a CTCS-3 onboard system for the first time, which is composed of two major parts: system models and hazard identification on the examination session. To better reflect the structure and functions of a CTCS-3 onboard system, the following models are developed, i.e., a reference model, a function hierarchical model, a state diagram, and a sequence diagram. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the HAZOP study, hazard identification on the basis of the functions of the CTCS-3 onboard system and a scenario of temporary speed restriction is considered and employed. The results indicate that existing hazards can be dug out at express speed, which allows the relevant actions to be proposed and implemented to prevent the hazards from spreading to a wide range in the whole CTCS-3 onboard system.
  • 5.

    【24hr】A Genetic-Algorithm-Based Approach to Solve Carpool Service Problems in Cloud Computing

    包量

    机译 基于遗传算法的云计算拼车服务问题解决方法
    摘要：Traffic congestion has been a serious problem in many urban areas around the world. Carpooling is one of the most effective solutions to traffic congestion. It consists of increasing the occupancy rate of cars by reducing the empty seats in these vehicles effectively. In this paper, an advanced carpool system is described in detail and called the (ICS), which provides carpoolers the use of the carpool services via a smart handheld device anywhere and at any time. The carpool service agency in the ICS is integrated with the abundant geographical, traffic, and societal information and used to manage requests. For help in coordinating the ride matches via the carpool service agency, we apply the genetic algorithm to propose the genetic-based carpool route and matching algorithm (GCRMA) for this multiobjective optimization problem called the (CSP). The experimental section shows that the proposed GCRMA is compared with two single-point methods: the random-assignment hill climbing algorithm and the greedy-assignment hill climbing algorithm on real-world scenarios. Use of the GCRMA was proved to result in superior results involving the optimization objectives of CSP than other algorithms. Furthermore, our GCRMA operates with significantly a small amount of computational complexity to response the match results in the reasonable time, and the processing time is further reduced by the termination criteria of early stop.
  • 6.

    【24hr】Efficient Road Scene Understanding for Intelligent Vehicles Using Compositional Hierarchical Models

    包量

    机译 使用组合层次模型对智能车辆进行有效的道路场景理解
    摘要：In this paper, we present a novel compositional hierarchical framework for road scene understanding that allows for reliable estimation of scene topologies, such as the number, location, and width of lanes and the lane topology, i.e., parallel, splitting, or merging. In our approach, lanes and roads are represented in a hierarchical compositional model in which nodes represent parts of roads and edges represent probabilistic constraints between pairs of parts. A key benefit of our approach is the representation of lanes and roads as a set of common parts. This makes our approach applicable to scenes with rich topological diversity, while bringing along the much desired computational efficiency. To cope with the high-dimensional and continuous parameter space of our model and the non-Gaussian image evidence, we perform inference using nonparametric belief propagation. Based on this approximate inference algorithm, we introduce depth-first message passing for lane detection, which performs inference in several sweeps. Empirical results show that depth-first message passing requires significantly lower computation for performance comparable with classical belief propagation.
  • 7.

    【24hr】A Linear Time and Space Algorithm for Optimal Traffic-Signal Duration at an Intersection

    包量

    机译 交叉口最优交通信号持续时间的线性时空算法
    摘要：Finding an optimal solution for traffic-signal control duration is a computationally intensive task. It is typically in time and in space, where is the length of the control interval in discrete-time steps. In this paper, we propose a linear time and space algorithm for the traffic-signal control problem. The algorithm provides an efficient dynamic programming formulation of the state space that prunes nonoptimal states early on. This paper proves the correctness of the algorithm and provides an initial experimental validation. This paper also conducts a simulation study comparing with other typical control methods. The results show significant improvement in the average waiting time metric with respect to all other methods.
  • 8.

    【24hr】Switching-Based Stochastic Model Predictive Control Approach for Modeling Driver Steering Skill

    包量

    机译 基于切换的随机模型预测控制方法在驾驶员转向技能建模中的应用
    摘要：Great advances in simulation-based vehicle system design and development of various driver assistance systems have enhanced the research on improved modeling of driver steering skills. However, little effort has been made on developing driver steering skill models while capturing the uncertainties or statistical properties of the vehicle-road system. In this paper, a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) approach is proposed to model the driver steering skill, which effectively incorporates the random variations in the road friction and roughness, a multipoint preview approach, and a piecewise affine (PWA) model structure that are developed to mimic the driver's perception of the desired path and the nonlinear internal vehicle dynamics. The SMPC method is then used to generate a steering command by minimization of a cost function, including the lateral path error and ease of driver control. In the analyses, first, the experimental data of Hongqi HQ430 are used to validate the driver steering skill controller. Then, the parametric studies of control performance during a nonlinear steering maneuver are provided. Finally, further discussions about the driver's adaption and the indication on vehicle dynamics tuning are given. The proposed switching-based SMPC driver steering control framework offers a new approach for driver behavior modeling.
  • 9.

    【24hr】Automated Road Information Extraction From Mobile Laser Scanning Data

    包量

    机译 从移动激光扫描数据中自动提取道路信息
    摘要：This paper presents a survey of literature about road feature extraction, giving a detailed description of a Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) system (RIEGL VMX-450) for transportation-related applications. This paper describes the development of automated algorithms for extracting road features (road surfaces, road markings, and pavement cracks) from MLS point cloud data. The proposed road surface extraction algorithm detects road curbs from a set of profiles that are sliced along vehicle trajectory data. Based on segmented road surface points, we create Geo-Referenced Feature (GRF) images and develop two algorithms, respectively, for extracting the following: 1) road markings with high retroreflectivity and 2) cracks containing low contrast with their surroundings, low signal-to-noise ratio, and poor continuity. A comprehensive comparison illustrates satisfactory performance of the proposed algorithms and concludes that MLS is a reliable and cost-effective alternative for rapid road inspection.
  • 10.

    【24hr】Parallel Monitoring for the Next Generation of Train Control Systems

    包量

    机译 下一代列车控制系统的并行监控
    摘要：Railway accidents, such as collisions, conflicts, and derailments, are still happening, despite the implementation of advanced railway control systems. One of the reasons for this is the architecture employed in current systems and existing operating processes, which allow human errors to occur. This paper processes a design concept and architecture for the next generation of train control systems (NGTCS). Some key technologies, such as parallel monitoring, system-level “fail-safe”, data sharing and fusion, common-mode cause error avoidance, and the illegal or incorrect operation of alarms by railway workers, are considered. This paper also details the principle and method of parallel monitoring for some key operations such as train tracking interval, interlocking, and train speed limit protection. The NGTCS is a highly intelligent monitoring system that represents system theory, system safety, deeper integration, and data fusion between subsystems and parallel monitoring on critical subjects.
  • 11.

    【24hr】Optimization of Evacuation Traffic Management With Intersection Control Constraints

    包量

    机译 交叉口控制约束下的疏散交通管理优化
    摘要：Route guidance instructions are crucial in the implementation of an evacuation plan. Considering travelers' compliance with these instructions is controllable by adopting traffic management at intersections, a simulation-based framework for optimizing traffic management is presented with the objective function of maximizing evacuation efficiency with uncertain budget constraint. A comprehensive case study illustrates the sensitivity of traffic simulation model with traffic demand, duration of hazard, and traffic management. The specific analyses on network performances provide some practical insights. In reality, mandatory traffic management is unnecessary as the optimal instructions are unavailable. Well-staged departure and appropriate enforcement of traffic management at intersections are recommended, which contribute to extensive distribution of traffic flow and then high-efficiency evacuation.
  • 12.

    【24hr】Drive Analysis Using Vehicle Dynamics and Vision-Based Lane Semantics

    包量

    机译 使用车辆动力学和基于视觉的车道语义进行驾驶分析
    摘要：Naturalistic driving studies (NDSs) capture large volumes of drive data from multiple sensor modalities, which are analyzed for critical information about driver behavior and driving characteristics that lead to crashes and near crashes. One of the key steps in such studies is data reduction, which is defined as a process by which “trained employees” review segments of driving video and record a taxonomy of variables that provides information regarding the sequence of events leading to crashes. Given the volume of sensor data in NDSs, such manual analysis of the drive data can be time-consuming. In this paper, we introduce “drive analysis” as one of the first steps toward automating the process of extracting midlevel semantic information from raw sensor data. Techniques are proposed to analyze the sensor data from multiple modalities and to extract a set of 23 semantics about lane positions, vehicle localization within lanes, vehicle speed, traffic density, and road curvature. The proposed techniques are demonstrated using real-world test drives comprising over 150 000 frames of visual data, which are also accompanied by vehicle dynamics that are captured from an in-vehicle controller-area-network bus, an inertial motion unit, and a Global Positioning System.
  • 13.

    【24hr】Discovering Regions Where Users Drive Inefficiently on Regular Journeys

    包量

    机译 发现用户在常规行程中驾驶效率低下的区域
    摘要：In this paper, we propose a mechanism to optimize fuel consumption on regular routes. The idea is to find out in which areas a driver usually realizes inefficient actions from the point of view of energy consumption. The aim is to alert the user in advance in order to adjust the vehicle speed or change gear, avoiding inefficient driving. Unlike other proposals, this solution does not require the driver to change the route in order to save fuel. To detect inefficient areas, the system uses vehicle telemetry: acceleration, deceleration, engine speed, engine load, and vehicle speed. A fuzzy logic system determines whether the driver drove efficiently or not in a region. Then, when the driver drives in the same route, the system predicts if the driver will return to a similar inefficient driving pattern in the nearby region. If the probability is high, the system warns the user. Therefore, the driver can take the appropriate action. The results show that the system reduces the fuel consumption by 7.33% on average and even, in certain cases, the fuel saving is more than 10%.
  • 14.

    【24hr】Vehicle Localization Using In-Vehicle Pitch Data and Dynamical Models

    包量

    机译 使用车内音高数据和动力学模型进行车辆定位
    摘要：This paper describes a dynamical model-based method for the localization of road vehicles using terrain data from the vehicle's onboard sensors. Road data are encoded using linear dynamical models and then, during travel, the location is identified through continuous comparison of a bank of linear models. The approach presented has several advantages over previous methods described in the literature. First, it creates computationally efficient linear model map representations of the road data. Second, the use of linear models eliminates the need for metrics during the localization process. Third, the localization algorithm is a computationally efficient approach that can have a bounded localization distance in the absence of noise, given certain uniqueness assumptions on the data. Fourth, encoding road data using linear models has the potential to compress the data, while retaining the sensory information. Finally, performing only linear operations on observed noisy data simplifies the creation of noise mitigation algorithms.
  • 15.

    【24hr】Predicting Perceived Visual and Cognitive Distractions of Drivers With Multimodal Features

    包量

    机译 预测具有多模式特征的驾驶员的感知视觉和认知干扰
    • 作者：Li N.;Busso C.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2015年第1期
    摘要：A driver's behaviors can be affected by visual, cognitive, auditory, and manual distractions. While it is important to identify the patterns associated with particular secondary tasks, it is more general and useful to define distraction modes that capture the general behaviors induced by various sources of distractions. By explicitly modeling the distinction between types of distractions, we can assess the detrimental effects induced by new in-vehicle technology. This study investigates drivers' behaviors associated with visual and cognitive distractions, both separately and jointly. External observers assessed the perceived cognitive and visual distractions from real-world driving recordings, showing high interevaluator agreement in both dimensions. The scores from the perceptual evaluation are used to define regression models with elastic net regularization and binary classifiers to separately estimate the cognitive and visual distraction levels. The analysis reveals multimodal features that are discriminative of cognitive and visual distractions. Furthermore, the study proposes a novel joint visual–cognitive distraction space to characterize driver behaviors. A data-driven clustering approach identifies four distraction modes that provide insights to better understand the deviation in driving behaviors induced by secondary tasks. Binary and multiclass recognition problems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multimodal features to infer these distraction modes defined in the visual–cognitive space.
  • 16.

    【24hr】Inferring the Travel Purposes of Passenger Groups for Better Understanding of Passengers

    包量

    机译 推断旅客群体的出行目的，以更好地了解旅客
    摘要：People usually travel to the same destinations and for the same purposes together with other people in groups. Inferring the travel purposes of passenger groups is a very interesting research problem in the field of passenger transport, because it can help us to better understand passengers and should bring about meaningful changes for personalized travel service and decision making of passenger carriers, organizations, and even governments. In this paper, we attempt to solve this problem by utilizing the historical travel records of passengers. To overcome the constraint of the independent and identical distribution assumption of traditional classifiers, we propose a novel iterative classification approach based on the idea of collective inference. First, we construct cotravel networks by extracting social relations between passengers from their historical travel records that are available in carriers' passenger information systems. Then, we generate a series of sophisticated features for each passenger group in the context of cotravel networks to capture the link structure information between passengers and use the overlapping relations between passenger groups to capture the probabilistic dependence relations between their labels. Finally, we collectively infer the labels of all the groups in an iterative way. Experimental results on a real data set of passenger travel records in the field of civil aviation demonstrate that our proposed iterative classification approach can efficiently infer the travel purposes of passenger groups.
  • 17.

    【24hr】Validation Methods for Digital Road Maps in Predictive Control

    包量

    机译 预测控制中数字路线图的验证方法
    摘要：Digital road maps with slope, curve, and other road information provide the opportunity to apply model-based predictive control approach, which can help to save fuel, increase safety and comfort, and reduce wear in vehicle operation. The problem is that the maps obtained from different providers have different qualities and that the prediction model that uses slope, curve radius, and other information can only be tested with the map. The method presented in this paper extracts a quality benchmark from the altitude and slope information of different sources together with a vehicle longitudinal dynamic model with only one driving experiment and before the predictive control application is ready or used. The example is a truck model. The maps used include two commercial providers' maps and two self-made maps. The latter use two different GPS1-based technologies to sample the altitude profile of the road. This paper presents methods to evaluate the altitude and slope information from digital road maps, to find local map errors using a vehicle model, to benchmark different maps with a vehicle model, and to find the most suitable map for a predictive control application.
  • 18.

    【24hr】Online Data-Driven Adaptive Prediction of Train Event Times

    包量

    机译 火车事件时间的在线数据驱动自适应预测
    摘要：This paper presents a microscopic model for accurate prediction of train event times based on a timed event graph with dynamic arc weights. The process times in the model are dynamically obtained using processed historical track occupation data, thus reflecting all phenomena of railway traffic captured by the train describer systems and preprocessing tools. The graph structure of the model allows applying fast algorithms to compute prediction of event times even for large networks. The accuracy of predictions is increased by incorporating the effects of predicted route conflicts on train running times due to braking and reacceleration. Moreover, the train runs with process times that continuously deviate from their estimates in a certain pattern are detected, and downstream process times are adaptively adjusted to minimize the expected prediction error. The tool has been tested and validated in a real-time environment using train describer log files.
  • 19.

    【24hr】Toward System-Optimal Routing in Traffic Networks: A Reverse Stackelberg Game Approach

    包量

    机译 走向交通网络中的系统最优路由：反向Stackelberg博弈方法
    摘要：In the literature, several road pricing methods based on hierarchical Stackelberg games have been proposed to reduce congestion in traffic networks. We propose three novel schemes to apply the extended reverse Stackelberg game, through which traffic authorities can induce drivers to follow routes that are computed to reach a system-optimal distribution of traffic on the available routes of a freeway, e.g., to minimize the total time spent of traffic in the network and to reduce traffic emissions in urban traffic networks. In this game-theoretical approach, the leader player representing the traffic authority communicates with the followers (drivers) via an onboard computer, in which the main instrument of the leader is the so-called leader function. This function maps the follower's decision space into the leader's decision space, resulting in a leader decision that is directly dependent on the follower's decision variables. Compared with the original game, we can rely on solution methods developed for the general reverse Stackelberg game and show that a system-optimal behavior can be reached, while taking heterogeneous driver classes into account.
  • 20.

    【24hr】A Self-Adaptive Parameter Selection Trajectory Prediction Approach via Hidden Markov Models

    包量

    机译 隐马尔可夫模型的自适应参数选择轨迹预测方法
    摘要：Trajectory prediction of objects in moving objects databases (MODs) has garnered wide support in a variety of applications and is gradually becoming an active research area. The existing trajectory prediction algorithms focus on discovering frequent moving patterns or simulating the mobility of objects via mathematical models. While these models are useful in certain applications, they fall short in describing the position and behavior of moving objects in a network-constraint environment. Aiming to solve this problem, a hidden Markov model (HMM)-based trajectory prediction algorithm is proposed, called Hidden Markov model-based Trajectory Prediction (HMTP). By analyzing the disadvantages of HMTP, a self-adaptive parameter selection algorithm called HMTP is proposed, which captures the parameters necessary for real-world scenarios in terms of objects with dynamically changing speed. In addition, a density-based trajectory partition algorithm is introduced, which helps improve the efficiency of prediction. In order to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithms, extensive experiments were conducted, and the experimental results demonstrate that the effect of critical parameters on the prediction accuracy in the proposed paradigm, with regard to HMTP , can greatly improve the accuracy when compared with HMTP, when subjected to randomly changing speeds. Moreover, it has higher positioning precision than HMTP due to its capability of self-adjustment.
  • 21.

    【24hr】Traffic Signal Phase and Timing Estimation From Low-Frequency Transit Bus Data

    包量

    机译 低频公交车数据的交通信号相位和时序估计
    摘要：The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of estimating traffic signal phase and timing from statistical patterns in low-frequency vehicular probe data. We use a public feed of bus location and velocity data in the city of San Francisco, CA, USA, as an example data source. We show that it is possible to estimate, fairly accurately, cycle times and the duration of reds for fixed-time traffic lights traversed by buses using a few days' worth of aggregated bus data. Furthermore, we also estimate the start of greens in real time by monitoring the movement of buses across intersections. The results are encouraging, given that each bus sends an update only sporadically ( every 200 m) and that bus passages are infrequent (every 5–10 min) . When made available on an open server, such information about the traffic signals' phase and timing can be valuable in enabling new fuel efficiency and safety functionalities in connected vehicles. Velocity advisory systems can use the estimated timing plan to calculate velocity trajectories that reduce idling time at red signals and therefore improve fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Advanced engine management strategies can shut down the engine in anticipation of a long idling interval at red. Intersection collision avoidance and active safety systems could also benefit from the prediction.
  • 22.

    【24hr】Online Prediction of Driver Distraction Based on Brain Activity Patterns

    包量

    机译 基于大脑活动模式的驾驶员分心的在线预测
    摘要：This paper presents a new computational framework for early detection of driver distractions (map viewing) using brain activity measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. Compared with most studies in the literature, which are mainly focused on the classification of distracted and nondistracted periods, this study proposes a new framework to prospectively predict the start and end of a distraction period, defined by map viewing. The proposed prediction algorithm was tested on a data set of continuous EEG signals recorded from 24 subjects. During the EEG recordings, the subjects were asked to drive from an initial position to a destination using a city map in a simulated driving environment. The overall accuracy values for the prediction of the start and the end of map viewing were 81% and 70%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can predict the start and end of map viewing with relatively high accuracy and can be generalized to individual subjects. The outcome of this study has a high potential to improve the design of future intelligent navigation systems. Prediction of the start of map viewing can be used to provide route information based on a driver's needs and consequently avoid map-viewing activities. Prediction of the end of map viewing can be used to provide warnings for potential long map-viewing durations. Further development of the proposed framework and its applications in driver-distraction predictions are also discussed.
  • 23.

    【24hr】Artificial Co-Drivers as a Universal Enabling Technology for Future Intelligent Vehicles and Transportation Systems

    包量

    机译 人工副驾驶员作为未来智能车辆和运输系统的通用技术
    摘要：This position paper introduces the concept of artificial “co-drivers” as an enabling technology for future intelligent transportation systems. In and , the design principles of co-drivers are introduced and framed within general human–robot interactions. Several contributing theories and technologies are reviewed, specifically those relating to relevant cognitive architectures, human-like sensory-motor strategies, and the emulation theory of cognition. In and , we present the co-driver developed for the EU project interactIVe as an example instantiation of this notion, demonstrating how it conforms to the given guidelines. We also present substantive experimental results and clarify the limitations and performance of the current implementation. In and , we analyze the impact of the co-driver technology. In particular, we identify a range of application fields, showing how it constitutes a universal enabling technology for both smart vehicles and cooperative systems, and naturally sets out a program for future research.
  • 24.

    【24hr】Understanding Taxi Service Strategies From Taxi GPS Traces

    包量

    机译 从出租车GPS跟踪了解出租车服务策略
    摘要：Taxi service strategies, as the crowd intelligence of massive taxi drivers, are hidden in their historical time-stamped GPS traces. Mining GPS traces to understand the service strategies of skilled taxi drivers can benefit the drivers themselves, passengers, and city planners in a number of ways. This paper intends to uncover the and taxi service strategies based on a large-scale GPS historical database of approximately 7600 taxis over one year in a city in China. First, we separate the GPS traces of individual taxi drivers and link them with the revenue generated. Second, we investigate the taxi service strategies from three perspectives, namely, passenger-searching strategies, passenger-delivery strategies, and service-region preference. Finally, we represent the taxi service strategies with a feature matrix and evaluate the correlation between service strategies and revenue, informing which strategies are efficient or inefficient. We predict the revenue of taxi drivers based on their strategies and achieve a prediction residual as less as 2.35 RMB/h,
  • 25.

    【24hr】Powered Two-Wheeler Riding Pattern Recognition Using a Machine-Learning Framework

    包量

    机译 使用机器学习框架的两轮助行车模式识别
    摘要：In this paper, a machine-learning framework is used for riding pattern recognition. The problem is formulated as a classification task to identify the class of riding patterns using data collected from 3-D accelerometer/gyroscope sensors mounted on motorcycles. These measurements constitute an experimental database used to analyze powered two-wheeler rider behavior. Several well-known machine-learning techniques are investigated, including the Gaussian mixture models, the -nearest neighbor model, the support vector machines, the random forests, and the hidden Markov models (HMMs), for both discrete and continuous cases. Additionally, an approach for sensor selection is proposed to identify the significant measurements for improved riding pattern recognition. The experimental study, performed on a real data set, shows the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and the effectiveness of the HMM approach in riding pattern recognition. These results encourage the development of these methodologies in the context of naturalistic riding studies.
  • 26.

    【24hr】Microsimulation Analysis of Practical Aspects of Traffic Control With Variable Speed Limits

    包量

    机译 变速限制交通控制实践方面的微观仿真分析
    摘要：Mainstream traffic flow control (MTFC) with variable speed limits (VSLs) is a freeway traffic control method that aims to maximize throughput by regulating the mainstream flow upstream from a bottleneck. Previous studies in a macroscopic simulator have shown optimal and feedback MTFC potential to improve traffic conditions. In this paper, local feedback MTFC is applied in microscopic simulation for an on-ramp merge bottleneck. Traffic behavior reveals important aspects that had not been previously captured in macroscopic simulation. Mainly, the more realistic VSL application at specific points instead of along an entire freeway section produces a slower traffic response to speed limit changes. In addition, the nonlinear capacity flow/speed limit relation observed in the microscopic model is more pronounced than what was observed at the macroscopic level. After appropriate modifications in the control law, significant improvements in traffic conditions are obtained.
  • 27.

    【24hr】Bluetooth Vehicle Trajectory by Fusing Bluetooth and Loops: Motorway Travel Time Statistics

    包量

    机译 通过融合蓝牙和回路实现蓝牙车辆轨迹：高速公路行驶时间统计
    摘要：Loop detectors are widely used on the motorway networks where they provide point speed and traffic volumes. Models have been proposed for temporal and spatial generalization of speed for average travel time estimation. Advancement in technology provides complementary data sources such as Bluetooth Media Access Control (MAC) Scanner (BMS), detecting the MAC ID of the Bluetooth devices transported by the traveler. Matching the data from two BMS stations provides individual vehicle travel time. Generally, on the motorways, loops are closely spaced, whereas BMSs are placed a few kilometers apart. In this paper, we fuse BMSs and loops data to define the trajectories of the Bluetooth vehicles. The trajectories are utilized to estimate the travel time statistics between any two points along the motorway. The proposed model is tested using simulation and validated with real data from Pacific Motorway, Brisbane. Comparing the model with the linear-interpolation-based trajectory provides significant improvements.
  • 28.

    【24hr】Automatic Parallel Parking in Tiny Spots: Path Planning and Control

    包量

    机译 小地点自动并行停车：路径规划和控制
    摘要：This paper presents automatic parallel parking for a passenger vehicle, with highlights on a path-planning method and on experimental results. The path-planning method consists of two parts. First, the kinematic model of the vehicle, with corresponding geometry, is used to create a path to park the vehicle in one or more maneuvers if the spot is very narrow. This path is constituted of circle arcs. Second, this path is transformed into a continuous-curvature path using clothoid curves. To execute the generated path, control inputs for steering angle and longitudinal velocity depending on the traveled distance are generated. Therefore, the traveled distance and the vehicle pose during a parking maneuver are estimated. Finally, the parking performance is tested on a prototype vehicle.
  • 29.

    【24hr】A Macroscopic Traffic Data-Assimilation Framework Based on the Fourier–Galerkin Method and Minimax Estimation

    包量

    机译 基于Fourier-Galerkin方法和Minimax估计的宏观交通数据同化框架
    • 作者：Tchrakian T.T.;Zhuk S.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2015年第1期
    摘要：In this paper, we propose a new framework for macroscopic traffic state estimation. Our approach is a robust “discretize” then “optimize” strategy, based on the Fourier–Galerkin projection method and minimax state estimation. We assign a Fourier–Galerkin reduced model to a macroscopic model of traffic flow, described by a hyperbolic partial differential equation. Taking into account estimates for the projection error, we apply the minimax method to construct the state estimate for the reduced model that gives us, in turn, the estimate of the Fourier–Galerkin coefficients associated with a solution of the original macroscopic model. We illustrate our approach with a numerical example that demonstrates its shock capturing capability using only sparse measurements and under high uncertainty in initial conditions. We present implementation details for our algorithm, as well as a comparison of our method against the ensemble Kalman filter applied to a “local” discretization of the same traffic flow model.
  • 30.

    【24hr】Equity-Oriented Aircraft Collision Avoidance Model

    包量

    机译 权益导向的飞机防撞模型
    摘要：The continuing increase in air travel demand combined with the saturation of air traffic networks lead to recurrent congestion episodes. Among the many elements responsible for the escalation of air traffic management costs, we focus particularly on the impact of conflict-resolution strategies that arise in congested networks. In air traffic control, a conflict occurs when two or more aircraft fly too close to one another. While many automated conflict-resolution methods have been proposed, most of them cannot be integrated without a profound revision of traffic control procedures as they lack interaction with air traffic controllers (ATCs). Recently, subliminal speed control has been shown to be a promising approach to reducing the impact of air conflicts onto ATCs' workload and potentially improve airspace capacity. From the perspective of airlines however, little has been done to quantify the impact of conflict-resolution strategies onto direct operating costs. We address this gap by introducing an innovative formulation for the aircraft collision avoidance problem, which integrates the economic profile of flights and promotes equitable solutions. We present a goal programming-based model designed to minimize the deviation from fair solutions during the resolution of potential conflicts. The performance of the model is evaluated using a fuel-equivalent conflict-resolution scheme, hence offering a sustainable framework to efficiently and equitably resolve air conflicts.
  • 31.

    【24hr】Introduction to the Special Issue on the 16th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC'13)

    包量

    机译 第16届IEEE国际智能交通系统国际会议（ITSC'13）特刊简介
    • 作者：Hegyi A.;Schutter B.D.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2015年第1期
    摘要：
  • 32.

    【24hr】Inferring Traffic Signal Phases From Turning Movement Counters Using Hidden Markov Models

    包量

    机译 使用隐马尔可夫模型从转弯运动计数器推断交通信号相位
    摘要：This work poses the problem of estimating traffic signal phases from a sequence of maneuvers. We model the problem as an inference problem on a discrete-time hidden Markov model (HMM) in which maneuvers are observations and signal phases are hidden states. The model is calibrated from maneuver observations using either the classical Baum–Welch algorithm or a Bayesian learning algorithm. The trained model is then used to infer the traffic signal phases on the data set via the Viterbi algorithm. When training with the Bayesian learning algorithm, we set the prior distribution as a Dirichlet distribution. We identify the best parameters of the prior distribution for both fixed-time and sensor-actuated signals using numerical simulations and employ them in the field experiments. It is shown that when the model is trained by the Bayesian learning method with appropriate prior parameters from the Dirichlet distribution, the inferred phases are more accurate in both numerical and field experiments. Because the best set of prior parameters for a fixed-time intersection is different from those for sensor-actuated signals, a classification strategy to distinguish between these two types of signals is proposed. The supporting source code and data are available for download at .
  • 33.

    【24hr】Travel Time Reliability Versus Safety: A Stochastic Hazard-Based Modeling Approach

    包量

    机译 行进时间可靠性与安全性：基于随机危害的建模方法
    摘要：This paper presents a modeling approach to linking stochastic acceleration and lane-changing behavior to travel time reliability on congested freeways. Individual driving behavior is represented by a prospect-theory–based model that takes into account uncertainty and risk evaluation in terms of gains and losses while following a lead vehicle. Given a set of stimuli (i.e., headways, relative speeds, etc.), the stochastic acceleration model generates acceleration probability distribution functions rather than deterministic acceleration values. Such distribution functions may be associated with travel time reliability through the construction of travel time distributions. In addition, lane-changing decision is represented by a stochastic hazard-based duration model that accounts for the surrounding traffic conditions (i.e., traffic density, distance to ramp, etc.). Numerical results from Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed microscopic stochastic modeling approach produces realistic macroscopic traffic flow patterns and can be used to generate travel time distributions. With proper experimental setup and sensitivity analysis, travel time distributions may be estimated and linked to safety-based parameters.
  • 34.

    【24hr】Do We Really Need to Calibrate All the Parameters? Variance-Based Sensitivity Analysis to Simplify Microscopic Traffic Flow Models

    包量

    机译 我们真的需要校准所有参数吗？基于方差的灵敏度分析可简化微观交通流模型
    摘要：Automated calibration of microscopic traffic flow models is all but simple for a number of reasons, including the computational complexity of black-box optimization and the asymmetric importance of parameters in influencing model performances. The main objective of this paper is therefore to provide a robust methodology to simplify car-following models, that is, to reduce the number of parameters (to calibrate) without sensibly affecting the capability of reproducing reality. To this aim, variance-based sensitivity analysis is proposed and formulated in a “factor fixing” setting. Among the novel contributions are a robust design of the Monte Carlo framework that also includes, as an analysis factor, the main nonparametric input of car-following models, i.e., the leader's trajectory, and a set of criteria for “data assimilation” in car-following models. The methodology was applied to the intelligent driver model (IDM) and to all the trajectories in the “reconstructed” Next Generation SIMulation (NGSIM) I80-1 data set. The analysis unveiled that the leader's trajectory is considerably more important than the parameters in affecting the variability of model performances. Sensitivity analysis also returned the importance ranking of the IDM parameters. Basing on this, a simplified model version with three (out of six) parameters is proposed. After calibrations, the full model and the simplified model show comparable performances, in face of a sensibly faster convergence of the simplified version.
  • 35.

    【24hr】Efficient Road Detection and Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

    包量

    机译 无人机的高效道路检测与跟踪
    摘要：An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has many applications in a variety of fields. Detection and tracking of a specific road in UAV videos play an important role in automatic UAV navigation, traffic monitoring, and ground–vehicle tracking, and also is very helpful for constructing road networks for modeling and simulation. In this paper, an efficient road detection and tracking framework in UAV videos is proposed. In particular, a graph-cut–based detection approach is given to accurately extract a specified road region during the initialization stage and in the middle of tracking process, and a fast homography-based road-tracking scheme is developed to automatically track road areas. The high efficiency of our framework is attributed to two aspects: the road detection is performed only when it is necessary and most work in locating the road is rapidly done via very fast homography-based tracking. Experiments are conducted on UAV videos of real road scenes we captured and downloaded from the Internet. The promising results indicate the effectiveness of our proposed framework, with the precision of 98.4% and processing 34 frames per second for 1046 595 videos on average.
  • 36.

    【24hr】A Brain–Computer Interface-Based Vehicle Destination Selection System Using P300 and SSVEP Signals

    包量

    机译 使用P300和SSVEP信号的基于脑机接口的车辆目的地选择系统
    摘要：In this paper, we propose a novel driver–vehicle interface for individuals with severe neuromuscular disabilities to use intelligent vehicles by using P300 and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) to select a destination and test its performance in the laboratory and real driving conditions. The proposed interface consists of two components: the selection component based on a P300 BCI and the confirmation component based on an SSVEP BCI. Furthermore, the accuracy and selection time models of the interface are built to help analyze the performance of the entire system. Experimental results from 16 participants collected in the laboratory and real driving scenarios show that the average accuracy of the system in the real driving conditions is about 99% with an average selection time of about 26 s. More importantly, the proposed system improves the accuracy of destination selection compared with a single P300 BCI-based selection system, particularly for those participants with relatively low level of accuracy in using the P300 BCI. This study not only provides individuals with severe motor disabilities with an interface to use intelligent vehicles and thus improve their mobility, but also facilitates the research on driver–vehicle interface, multimodal interaction, and intelligent vehicles. Furthermore, it opens an avenue on how cognitive neuroscience may be applied to intelligent vehicles.
  • 37.

    【24hr】A Distributed Framework for Coordinated Heavy-Duty Vehicle Platooning

    包量

    机译 分布式重型车辆排的分布式框架
    摘要：Heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) traveling in single file with small intervehicle distances experience reduced aerodynamic drag and, therefore, have improved fuel economy. In this paper, we attempt to maximize the amount of fuel saved by coordinating platoon formation using a distributed network of controllers. These virtual controllers, placed at major intersections in a road network, help coordinate the velocity of approaching vehicles so they arrive at the junction simultaneously and can therefore platoon. This control is initiated only if the cost of forming the platoon is smaller than the savings incurred from platooning. In a large-scale simulation of the German Autobahn network, we observe that savings surpassing 5% when only a few thousand vehicles participate in the system. These results are corroborated by an analysis of real-world HDV data that show significant platooning opportunities currently exist, suggesting that a slightly invasive network of distributed controllers, such as the one proposed in this paper, can yield considerable savings.
  • 38.

    【24hr】A Novel Approach for Vehicle Inertial Parameter Identification Using a Dual Kalman Filter

    包量

    机译 利用双卡尔曼滤波器的车辆惯性参数识别新方法
    摘要：This paper proposes a novel algorithm to identify three inertial parameters: sprung mass, yaw moment of inertia, and longitudinal position of the center of gravity. A four-wheel nonlinear vehicle model with roll dynamics and a correlation between the inertial parameters is used for a dual unscented Kalman filter to simultaneously identify the inertial parameters and the vehicle state. A local observability analysis on the nonlinear vehicle model is used to activate and deactivate different modes of the proposed algorithm. Extensive CarSim simulations and experimental tests show the performance and robustness of the proposed approach on a flat road with a constant tire–road friction coefficient.
  • 39.

    【24hr】Distributed Consensus Strategy for Platooning of Vehicles in the Presence of Time-Varying Heterogeneous Communication Delays

    包量

    机译 时变异构通信时滞下车辆排的分布式共识策略
    摘要：We analyze and solve the platooning problem by treating it as the problem of achieving consensus in a network of dynamical systems affected by time-varying heterogeneous delays due to wireless communication among vehicles. Specifically, a platoon is modeled as a dynamical network where: 1) each vehicle, with its own dynamics, is a node; 2) the presence of communication links between neighboring vehicles is represented by edges; and 3) the structure of the intervehicle communication is encoded in the network topology. A distributed control protocol, which acts on every vehicle in the platoon, is derived. It is composed of two terms: a local action depending on the state variables of the vehicle itself (measured onboard) and an action depending on the information received from neighboring vehicles through the communication network. The stability of the platoon is proven by using Lyapunov–Razumikhin theorem. Numerical results are included to confirm and illustrate the theoretical derivation.
  • 40.

    【24hr】Segmentation and Clustering of Car-Following Behavior: Recognition of Driving Patterns

    包量

    机译 跟随行为的细分和聚类：驾驶模式的识别
    • 作者：Higgs B.;Abbas M.;
    • 刊名：Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on
    • 2015年第1期
    摘要：Driving behavior can be influenced by many factors that are not feasible to collect in driving behavior studies. The research presented in this paper investigates the characteristics of a wide range of driving behaviors linking driving states to the drivers' actions. The proposed methodology is structured such that a known state can be linked to multiple actions, thus accounting for the effects of unknown driving state factors. A two-step algorithm was developed and used for the segmentation and clustering of driving behaviors. The algorithm segments and clusters car-following behaviors based on eight state–action variables: the longitudinal acceleration, the lateral acceleration, the yaw rate, the vehicle speed, the lane offset, the yaw angle, the range, and the range rate. The results of this methodology are state–action clusters that define the driving pattern of drivers. The sample used in this paper included 20 different drivers, i.e., ten car and ten truck drivers. The results revealed that behavior patterns were different between car drivers but not between truck drivers. The results also show that car drivers exhibit behaviors that are unique to each driver, whereas truck drivers show a common driving pattern. The characteristics and frequency of recognized driving patterns are provided in this paper, along with the corresponding modeling parameters of each pattern.
  • 41.

    【24hr】Graceful Degradation of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

    包量

    机译 自适应自适应巡航控制系统的优雅降级
    摘要：Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) employs wireless intervehicle communication, in addition to onboard sensors, to obtain string-stable vehicle-following behavior at small intervehicle distances. As a consequence, however, CACC is vulnerable to communication impairments such as latency and packet loss. In the latter case, it would effectively degrade to conventional adaptive cruise control (ACC), thereby increasing the minimal intervehicle distance needed for string-stable behavior. To partially maintain the favorable string stability properties of CACC, a control strategy for graceful degradation of one-vehicle look-ahead CACC is proposed, based on estimating the preceding vehicle's acceleration using onboard sensors, such that the CACC can switch to this strategy in case of persistent packet loss. In addition, a switching criterion is proposed in the case that the wireless link exhibits increased latency but does not (yet) suffer from persistent packet loss. It is shown through simulations and experiments that the proposed strategy results in a noticeable improvement of string stability characteristics, when compared with the ACC fallback scenario.
  • 42.

    【24hr】Deduction of Passengers' Route Choices From Smart Card Data

    包量

    机译 从智能卡数据中推断出乘客的路线选择
    摘要：Deducing passengers' route choices from smart card data provides public transport operators the opportunity to evaluate and improve their passenger service. Particularly in the case of disruptions, when traditional route choice models may not be valid, this is an advantage. This paper proposes a method for deducing the chosen route of passengers based on smart card data and validates this method on a real-life data set. The method deduces the correct route for about 95% of the journeys per day in our validation sample, and also in the case of disruptions. Moreover, it is shown how this method can be used to analyze and evaluate passenger service by a case study based on a real-life data set of Netherlands Railways, which is the largest passenger railway operator in the Netherlands.
  • 43.

    【24hr】Emergency Railway Transportation Planning Using a Hyper-Heuristic Approach

    包量

    机译 基于超启发式方法的铁路应急运输规划
    摘要：The railway has played a significant role in disaster relief transportation in China. This paper presents an emergency railway transportation problem, which is to use the limited transport capability to meet the urgent relief transportation requirements. We have applied several state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms to a variety of problem instances, but have found that none of them can obtain satisfactory solutions in all cases. To overcome this obstacle, we integrate a set of individual heuristic operators into a hyperheuristic framework, which performs a stochastic search on the low-level heuristics by using feedback on their performance in the process of problem solving, thus yielding a high overall performance on different instances. Computational experiments show that the hyperheuristic exhibits significant advantages over the individual heuristics. The problem model and the hyperheuristic solution approach have also been successfully applied to the emergency railway transportation during the 2013 Dingxi earthquake, in China.
  • 44.

    【24hr】A Practical Wireless Attack on the Connected Car and Security Protocol for In-Vehicle CAN

    包量

    机译 车载CAN的实用无线攻击和安全协议
    摘要：Vehicle-IT convergence technology is a rapidly rising paradigm of modern vehicles, in which an electronic control unit (ECU) is used to control the vehicle electrical systems, and the controller area network (CAN), an in-vehicle network, is commonly used to construct an efficient network of ECUs. Unfortunately, security issues have not been treated properly in CAN, although CAN control messages could be life-critical. With the appearance of the connected car environment, in-vehicle networks (e.g., CAN) are now connected to external networks (e.g., 3G/4G mobile networks), enabling an adversary to perform a long-range wireless attack using CAN vulnerabilities. In this paper we show that a long-range wireless attack is physically possible using a real vehicle and malicious smartphone application in a connected car environment. We also propose a security protocol for CAN as a countermeasure designed in accordance with current CAN specifications. We evaluate the feasibility of the proposed security protocol using CANoe software and a DSP-F28335 microcontroller. Our results show that the proposed security protocol is more efficient than existing security protocols with respect to authentication delay and communication load.
  • 45.

    【24hr】Potential Cyberattacks on Automated Vehicles

    包量

    机译 自动驾驶汽车潜在的网络攻击
    摘要：Vehicle automation has been one of the fundamental applications within the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) since the start of ITS research in the mid-1980s. For most of this time, it has been generally viewed as a futuristic concept that is not close to being ready for deployment. However, recent development of “self-driving” cars and the announcement by car manufacturers of their deployment by 2020 show that this is becoming a reality. The ITS industry has already been focusing much of its attention on the concepts of “connected vehicles” (United States) or “cooperative ITS” (Europe). These concepts are based on communication of data among vehicles (V2V) and/or between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I/I2V) to provide the information needed to implement ITS applications. The separate threads of automated vehicles and cooperative ITS have not yet been thoroughly woven together, but this will be a necessary step in the near future because the cooperative exchange of data will provide vital inputs to improve the performance and safety of the automation systems. Thus, it is important to start thinking about the cybersecurity implications of cooperative automated vehicle systems. In this paper, we investigate the potential cyberattacks specific to automated vehicles, with their special needs and vulnerabilities. We analyze the threats on autonomous automated vehicles and cooperative automated vehicles. This analysis shows the need for considerably more redundancy than many have been expecting. We also raise awareness to generate discussion about these threats at this early stage in the development of vehicle automation systems.
  • 46.

    【24hr】Hierarchical and Networked Vehicle Surveillance in ITS: A Survey

    包量

    机译 ITS中的分层和网络车辆监控：一项调查
    摘要：Traffic surveillance has become an important topic in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which is aimed at monitoring and managing traffic flow. With the progress in computer vision, video-based surveillance systems have made great advances on traffic surveillance in ITSs. However, the performance of most existing surveillance systems is susceptible to challenging complex traffic scenes (e.g., object occlusion, pose variation, and cluttered background). Moreover, existing related research is mainly on a single video sensor node, which is incapable of addressing the surveillance of traffic road networks. Accordingly, we present a review of the literature on the video-based vehicle surveillance systems in ITSs. We analyze the existing challenges in video-based surveillance systems for the vehicle and present a general architecture for video surveillance systems, i.e., the hierarchical and networked vehicle surveillance, to survey the different existing and potential techniques. Then, different methods are reviewed and discussed with respect to each module. Applications and future developments are discussed to provide future needs of ITS services.
  • 47.

    【24hr】A Video-Analysis-Based Railway–Road Safety System for Detecting Hazard Situations at Level Crossings

    包量

    机译 基于视频分析的铁路道路安全系统，用于检测平交路口的危险情况
    摘要：Safety and security are the most discussed topics in the road and railway transportation field. Latest security initiatives in the field of railway transportation propose to implement video surveillance at level crossing (LC) environments. In this paper we explore the possibility of implementing a smart video surveillance security system that is tuned toward detecting and evaluating abnormal situations induced by users (pedestrians, vehicle drivers, and unattended objects) in LCs. This intelligent security system starts by detecting, separating, and tracking moving objects shot in the LC. Then, a hidden Markov model is developed to estimate ideal trajectories, allowing the detected targets to discard dangerous situations. After that, the level of risk of each target is instantly estimated by using the Dempster–Shafer data fusion technique. The proposed analysis allows for also recognizing hazard scenarios. The video surveillance system is connected to a communication system (the Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment), which takes the information on the dynamic status of the LC (safe or presence of a dangerous situation) and sends it to users approaching the LC. Four hazard scenarios are tested and evaluated with different real video image sequences: presence of the obstacle in the LC, presence of the stopped vehicles line, vehicle zigzagging between two closed half barriers, and pedestrian crossing the LC area.
  • 48.

    【24hr】Feedback-Based Mainstream Traffic Flow Control for Multiple Bottlenecks on Motorways

    包量

    机译 基于反馈的高速公路上多个瓶颈的主流交通流控制
    摘要：Mainstream traffic flow control (MTFC) enabled via variable speed limits (VSLs) has been investigated in previous studies, utilizing various control strategies. In this paper, an extended feedback control strategy is proposed for MTFC enabled via VSLs, considering multiple-bottleneck locations. Feedback-based results are compared with optimal control results for the evaluation of the controller using a validated macroscopic model. The performance of the feedback controller is shown to approach the optimal control results, despite the fact that many practical and safety restrictions are additionally considered by the feedback controller.
  • 49.

    【24hr】Smart Electrical Infrastructure for AC-Fed Railways With Neutral Zones

    包量

    机译 中性区交流电铁路的智能电气基础设施
    摘要：This paper presents a proposal to modify power supply systems currently used in ac-fed railways with neutral zones (NZs), in order to allow power-flow routing. The proposed system complements the existing infrastructure with additional power-electronic devices connected in parallel to both sides of the NZs, allowing control of power flow through adjacent electrical sections. The description and control of such a modified railway system is outlined in this paper. In addition, a mixed-integer programming optimization problem is formulated, which minimizes the investment and the operation costs, while ensuring the power supply to the train traffic. This optimization model is used to allow a systematic evaluation of the benefits of implementing such a railway smart grid system. Finally, a section of the high-speed line between Madrid and Barcelona is used as a case study, and the advantages of the proposed system are quantified in two different scenarios.
  • 50.

    【24hr】Multivehicle Cooperative Driving Using Cooperative Perception: Design and Experimental Validation

    包量

    机译 基于合作感知的多车协同驾驶：设计与实验验证
    摘要：In this paper, we present a multivehicle cooperative driving system architecture using cooperative perception along with experimental validation. For this goal, we first propose a multimodal cooperative perception system that provides see-through, lifted-seat, satellite and all-around views to drivers. Using the extended range information from the system, we then realize cooperative driving by a see-through forward collision warning, overtaking/lane-changing assistance, and automated hidden obstacle avoidance. We demonstrate the capabilities and features of our system through real-world experiments using four vehicles on the road.
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