Fluid sinks within the earth's crust

摘要

The Urach 3 research borehole in south-west (SW) Germany has been drilled through the sedimentary cover, and the gneisses of the Variscian crystalline basement at 1600 m below the surface (Black Forest basement) has been reached. An additional 2800 m has been drilled through the fractured crystalline rocks, and the borehole has been used for a number of hydraulic tests in the context of a 'hot-dry rock' (HDR) project exploring for geothermal energy. The fracture system of the basement is saturated with a NaCl brine with about 70 g L~(-1) dissolved solids. Water table measurements in the borehole cover a period of 13 years of observation, during which the water table continuously dropped and did not reach a steady-state level. This unique set of data shows that the hydraulic potential decreases with depth, causing a continuous flow of fluid to the deeper parts of the upper continental crust. The potential decrease and the associated downward migration of fluid is an evidence for the progress of water (H_2O)-consuming reactions in the crystalline rocks. Computed stability relations among relevant phases at the pressure temperature (PT) conditions in the fracture system and documented fossil fracture coatings in granites and gneisses suggest that the prime candidate for the H_2O-consuming reaction is the zeolitization of feldspar. The potential of the gneisses to chemically bind H_2O matches the estimated amount of migrating H_2O.