Explicit through-thickness integration schemes for geometric nonlinear analysis of laminated composite shells

摘要

Degenerated shell elements were found to be attractive in solving homogeneous shell problems. Direct extension of the same to layered shells becomes computationally inefficient as, in the computation of element matrices. 3-D numerical integration in each layer and summation over the layers have to be carried out. In order to make the formulation efficient, explicit through-thickness schemes have been devised for linear problems.