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Sampling and Mapping a Soil Erosion Cover Factor by Integrating Stratification, Model Updating and Cokriging with Images

机译:通过将分层,模型更新和协同克里格与图像集成在一起,对土壤侵蚀覆盖因子进行采样和映射

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摘要

Cost-efficient sample designs for collection of ground data and accurate mapping of variables are required to monitor natural resources and environmental and ecological systems. In this study, a sample design and mapping method was developed by integrating stratification, model updating, and cokriging with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. This method is based on the spatial autocorrelation of variables and the spatial cross-correlation among them. It can lead to sample designs with variable grid spacing, where sampling distances between plots vary depend ing on spatial variability of the variables from location to location. This has potential cost-efficiencies in terms of sample design and mapping. This method is also applicable for mapping in the case in which no ground data can be collected in some parts of a study area because of the high cost. The method was validated in a case study in which a ground and vegetation cover factor was sampled and mapped for monitoring soil erosion. The results showed that when the sample obtained with three strata using the developed method was used for sampling and mapping the cover factor, the sampling cost was greatly decreased, although the error of the map was slightly increased compared to that without stratification; that is, the sample costefficiency quantified by the product of cost and error was greatly increased. The increase of cost-efficiency was more obvious when the cover factor values of the plots within the no-significant-change stratum were updated by a model developed using the previous observations instead of remeasuring them in the field.
机译:为了监测自然资源以及环境和生态系统,需要具有成本效益的样本设计来收集地面数据并准确绘制变量图。在这项研究中,通过将分层,模型更新和协同克里金法与Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)影像集成在一起,开发了一种样本设计和制图方法。该方法基于变量的空间自相关以及变量之间的空间互相关。它可以导致具有可变网格间距的样本设计,其中样地之间的采样距离取决于变量在不同位置之间的空间变异性而变化。就样品设计和制图而言,这具有潜在的成本效益。由于高成本,在研究区域的某些部分无法收集地面数据的情况下,该方法也适用于制图。该方法在一个案例研究中得到了验证,该案例对地面和植被覆盖因子进行了采样并绘制了地图,以监测土壤侵蚀。结果表明,采用改进方法对三层样品进行覆盖率采样和制图时,虽然与未分层相比,地图误差略有增加,但采样成本却大大降低。即,通过成本与误差乘积量化的样本成本效率大大提高。通过使用以前的观察方法开发的模型来更新无显着性变化层内的地块的覆盖因子值,而不是在现场进行重新评估,成本效益的增加更为明显。

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