What Ought I to Eat? Toward an Ethical Biospheric Political Economy

摘要

Humanity's food production activities profoundly affect our planet's biosphere. While people commonly apply various ethical frameworks in making food choices, few consider the individual's relationship with or obligation to our biosphere, the source of all food. A practical ethical framework capable of evaluating the relative biospheric goodness of various food production systems is needed. Toward that end there are three foundational concepts: (1) an elaboration of Marx's concept of value here extended to incorporate the life activity of all living beings, (2) a refocusing of ecological thought to include the value and the spaces created by nonhuman communities, and (3) a characterization of power which also works to include all life and to obviate certain human/biospheric dichotomies. This approach joins the Marxist theory of value and exchange-which has well developed ethical principles-with ecology, which offers key insights into biotic relationships, but as a science eschews ethical positions. It is important to attend not only to the value resident in nonhuman bodies, but also to the value that these co-inhabitants invest in biospheric spaces-a matter often overlooked in both the social and natural sciences.