PM1 and PM1-Bound Metals During Dry and Wet Periods: Ambient Concentration and Health Effects

摘要

The objective of this study was to assess the inhalation risk from carcinogenic elements (Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, As) bound to fine aerosol particles (PM1) during dry and wet periods in two Polish cities, Zabrze and Warsaw. For the purpose of analysis, the authors provided data from 24-h measurements of PM1 and PM1-bound metal concentrations conducted in 2014 and the data on the amount and duration of precipitation derived from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW). Results showed that the highest washout efficiency among the tested metals was observed in case of PM1-bound Pb and Cd. Under the conditions of light precipitation intensity, lasting more than 8 h, the initial concentration of Pb and Cd in Zabrze was reduced by 68% and 58%, while in Warsaw by 21% and 32%, respectively. Incremental lifetime cancer risk due to exposure to PM1-bound metals was significantly above the acceptable limits. During the dry periods, inhalation exposure increased by 33-37% compared to rainy periods.