Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment Ⅲ: Fates and Effects of Chronic Oil Input

摘要

Part Ⅰ of this series of articles presented the evidence that chronic input of oil accounts for almost 90% of the annual oil input to the marine environment on a global basis and averaged over a decade. Part Ⅱ provided an overview and summary of the fates and effects of spilled oil, and discussed issues of response, containment, mitigation, and cleanup of spilled oil, and some related issues. This article, Part Ⅲ, presents and discusses current knowledge of fates and effects of natural oil seeps in brief followed by current knowledge of fates and effects of chronic oil inputs due to human activities.