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Presence of diphenyl phosphate and aryl-phosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from different microenvironments in Spain and the Netherlands and estimation of human exposure

机译:西班牙和荷兰不同微环境的室内粉尘中存在磷酸二苯酯和磷酸芳基酯类阻燃剂,并估计了人体暴露量

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摘要

Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are ubiquitous chemicals in the indoor environment. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is a major metabolite and a common biomarker of aryl-PFRs. Since it is used as a chemical additive and it is a common impurity of aryl-PFRs as well as a degradation product, its presence in indoor dust as an additional source of exposure should not be easily ruled out. In this study, DPHP (and TPHP) are measured in indoor dust in samples collected in Spain and in the Netherlands (n = 80). Additionally, the presence of other emerging aryl-PFRs was monitored by target screening. TPHP and DPHP were present in all samples in the ranges 169-142,459 ng/g and 106-79,661 ng/g, respectively. DPHP concentrations were strongly correlated to the TPHP levels (r = 0.90, p 0.01), suggesting that DPHP could be present as degradation product of TPHP or other aryl-PFRs. Estimated exposures for adults and toddlers in Spain to TPHP and DPHP via dust ingestion (country for which the number of samples was higher) were much lower than the estimated reference dose (US EPA) for TPHP. However, other routes of exposure may contribute to the overall internal exposure (diet, dermal contact with dust/consumer products and inhalation of indoor air). The estimated urinary DPHP levels for adults and toddlers in Spain (0.002-0.032 ng/mL) as a result of dust ingestion were low in comparison with the reported levels, indicating a low contribution of this source of contamination to the overall DPHP exposure. Other aryl-PFRs, namely cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EDPHP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP), were all detected in indoor dust, however, with lower frequency.
机译:磷酸盐阻燃剂(PFR)是室内环境中普遍存在的化学品。磷酸二苯酯(DPHP)是芳基PFR的主要代谢产物和常见生物标志物。由于它被用作化学添加剂,并且是芳基-PFR的常见杂质以及降解产物,因此不应轻易排除它在室内粉尘中作为额外暴露源的存在。在这项研究中,在西班牙和荷兰(n = 80)收集的样品中,对室内灰尘中的DPHP(和TPHP)进行了测量。另外,通过靶标筛选监测其他新兴的芳基-PFR的存在。在所有样品中,TPHP和DPHP的含量分别为169-142,459 ng / g和106-79,661 ng / g。 DPHP浓度与TPHP含量密切相关(r = 0.90,p <0.01),表明DPHP可能作为TPHP或其他芳基PFR的降解产物存在。西班牙成年人和幼儿通过粉尘摄入(样本数量较多的国家)暴露于TPHP和DPHP的估计暴露量远低于TPHP的估计参考剂量(美国EPA)。但是,其他暴露途径可能会导致整体内部暴露(饮食,皮肤接触粉尘/消费品以及吸入室内空气)。与报告的水平相比,由于灰尘摄入,西班牙成人和幼儿的估计尿DPHP水平(0.002-0.032 ng / mL)低,这表明这种污染源对DPHP总体暴露的贡献很小。其他芳基-PFR,即磷酸甲酚二苯酯(CDP),间苯二酚双(磷酸二苯酯)(RDP),2-乙基己基磷酸二苯酯(EDPHP),磷酸异癸基二苯酯(IDP)和双酚A双磷酸二苯酯(BDP),都是在室内灰尘中检测到的,但是频率较低。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Environment international》 |2018年第3期|59-67|共9页
  • 作者单位

    Univ Cordoba, Inst Fine Chem & Nanochem, Dept Analyt Chem, Marie Curie Bldg Annex,Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain;

    Univ Cordoba, Inst Fine Chem & Nanochem, Dept Analyt Chem, Marie Curie Bldg Annex,Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain;

    Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Environm & Hlth, Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Environm & Hlth, Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Univ Cordoba, Inst Fine Chem & Nanochem, Dept Analyt Chem, Marie Curie Bldg Annex,Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain;

    Univ Cordoba, Inst Fine Chem & Nanochem, Dept Analyt Chem, Marie Curie Bldg Annex,Campus Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Aryl-phosphate flame retardants; Indoor dust; Human exposure; Triphenyl phosphate; Diphenyl phosphate;

    机译:芳基磷酸盐阻燃剂;室内粉尘;人体暴露;磷酸三苯酯;磷酸二苯酯;
  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 13:23:29

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