A survey of adaptive dual control methods, elaborated from the early 1960s until the present, is given. The development of dual control methods is considered in chronological order, taking into account its close interconnection with general progress in adaptive control theory and applications. Detailed classifications of stochastic adaptive control methods and dual control methods are presented. The properties of a neutral control system and the nature of the dual effect in adaptive control systems are described. The historical stages of the development of the theory and applications of dual control are reviewed.
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