Employment Change in Occupations in Urban India: Implications for Wage Inequality

摘要

This article analyses employment and wage change patterns in India for a period spanning almost three decades, from 1983-84 to 2011-12. Using data from the National Sample Survey Organization, the study finds evidence of job polarization (employment growth in low- and high-skill jobs and decline in middle-skill jobs) in urban India during the 1990s and 2000s, and employment upgrading in the 1980s. Consistent with the literature on job polarization, the article finds a reduction in employment share in routine task intensive occupations. The author argues that this reduction is a result of both mechanization and technological upgrading within Indian industry. On the other hand, an increase in employment share in both low-skill and high-skill occupations is argued to be a result of growing self-employment and informal sector employment in urban India. The wage change patterns are largely consistent with the employment change patterns. The analysis suggests that structural change in occupation is an important factor for understanding earnings inequality in India.