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Emerging roles of microRNAs in the control of embryonic stem cells and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells

机译:microRNA在控制胚胎干细胞和诱导多能干细胞产生中的新兴作用

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MicroRNAs(miRNAs)haveemergedascriticalregulatorsofgeneexpression.Thesesmall,non-codingRNAsarebelievedtoregulatemorethanathirdofallproteincodinggenes,andtheyhavebeenimplicatedinthecontrolofvirtuallyallbiologicalprocesses,includingthebiologyofstemcells.TheessentialrolesofmiRNAsinthecontrolofpluripotentstemcellswereclearlyestablishedbythefindingthatembryonicstem(ES)cellslackingproteinsrequiredformiRNAbiogenesisexhibitdefectsinproliferationanddifferentiation.Subsequently,thefunctionofnumerousmiRNAshasbeenshowntocontrolthefateofEScellsandtodirectlyinfluencecriticalgeneregulatorynetworkscontrolledbypluripotencyfactorsSox2,Oct4,andNanog.Moreover,agrowinglistoftissue-specificmiRNAs,whicharesilencedornotprocessedfullyinEScells,hasbeenfoundtopromotedifferentiationupontheirexpressionandproperprocessing.TheimportanceofmiRNAsforEScellsisfurtherindicatedbytheexcitingdiscoverythatspecificmiRNAmimicsormiRNAinhibitorspromotethereprogrammingofsomaticcellsintoinducedpluripotentstem(iPS)cells.AlthoughsomeprogresshasbeenmadeduringthepasttwoyearsinourunderstandingofthecontributionofspecificmiRNAsduringreprogramming,furtherprogressisneededsinceitishighlylikelythatmiRNAsplayevenwiderrolesinthegenerationofiPScellsthancurrentlyappreciated.ThisreviewexaminesrecentdevelopmentsrelatedtotherolesofmiRNAsinthebiologyofpluripotentstemcells.Inaddition,wepositthatmorethanadozenadditionalmiRNAsareexcellentcandidatesforinfluencingthegenerationofiPScellsaswellasforprovidingnewinsightsintotheprocessofreprogramming./p/div
机译:微RNA(miRNA)haveemergedascriticalregulatorsofgeneexpression.Thesesmall,非codingRNAsarebelievedtoregulatemorethanathirdofallproteincodinggenes,andtheyhavebeenimplicatedinthecontrolofvirtuallyallbiologicalprocesses,includingthebiologyofstemcells.TheessentialrolesofmiRNAsinthecontrolofpluripotentstemcellswereclearlyestablishedbythefindingthatembryonicstem(ES)cellslackingproteinsrequiredformiRNAbiogenesisexhibitdefectsinproliferationanddifferentiation.Subsequently,thefunctionofnumerousmiRNAshasbeenshowntocontrolthefateofEScellsandtodirectlyinfluencecriticalgeneregulatorynetworkscontrolledbypluripotencyfactorsSox2,OCT4,andNanog.Moreover,agrowinglistoftissue-specificmiRNAs,whicharesilencedornotprocessedfullyinEScells,hasbeenfoundtopromotedifferentiationupontheirexpressionandproperprocessing.TheimportanceofmiRNAsforEScellsisfurtherindicatedbytheexcitingdiscoverythatspecificmiRNAmimicsormiRNAinhibitorspromotethereprogrammingofsomaticcellsintoinducedpluripotentstem(IPS)cells.Althoughsome progresshasbeenmadeduringthepasttwoyearsinourunderstandingofthecontributionofspecificmiRNAsduringreprogramming,furtherprogressisneededsinceitishighlylikelythatmiRNAsplayevenwiderrolesinthegenerationofiPScellsthancurrentlyappreciated.ThisreviewexaminesrecentdevelopmentsrelatedtotherolesofmiRNAsinthebiologyofpluripotentstemcells.Inaddition,wepositthatmorethanadozenadditionalmiRNAsareexcellentcandidatesforinfluencingthegenerationofiPScellsaswellasforprovidingnewinsightsintotheprocessofreprogramming。

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