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A study on the painting techniques and materials of the murals in the Five Northern Provinces’ Assembly Hall, Ziyang, China

机译:北方五省会馆壁画绘画技术与材料研究

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A limited amount of analytical data is available on the techniques and materials used in the murals of the Qing dynasty (1636–1911) in China. The Five Northern Provinces’ Assembly Hall (1861–1874) is located in Wafangdian on the confluence of two rivers. It has the largest murals in Shaanxi Province. This paper presents the first comprehensive investigation of the painting techniques and materials of the murals in the Five Northern Provinces’ Assembly Hall. The analytical methods include polarized light microscopy (PLM), microscopic examination on cross-sections, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR ) and scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDX), which have been used to examine the paint layer stratigraphy, plaster layers, the priming layer and inorganic pigments composition. The results show that the carrier was firstly prepared with two levels of coarse layers, which are made of clay, sand and rice straw applied onto the brick wall, and a fine coat layer made of lime, clay, sand and cotton follows. Then a kaolin-pigmented priming layer was painted on the fine coat, which was finally painted with red lead, red ochre, cinnabar, atacamite, malachite, botallackite, orpiment, yellow ochre, Prussian blue, smalt, azurite, lead white and flame carbons on top. The research suggests that the painting materials of the murals of the Five Northern Provinces’ Assembly Hall are original and the techniques were well implemented and followed the traditional and standard way in ancient China. But a few details present strong local characteristics, such as using rice straw, cotton and kaolin as original materials which were more convenient to obtain. This study also indicates that only one red dyestuff was found, and the other colourants are all inorganic. Except Prussian blue, smalt and botallackite used in ancient mural in China were less reported, and the rest of the pigments represent traditional Chinese painting materials. In addition, the usage of the imported pigments Prussian blue and smalt proves that the geographic position of the Five Northern Provinces’ Assembly Hall was of crucial importance for trade.
机译:关于中国清朝(1636年至1911年)壁画使用的技术和材料的分析数据有限。北部五省议会大厅(1861-1874年)位于瓦房店,两条河流汇合处。它具有陕西省最大的壁画。本文是对北方五省议会厅壁画的绘画技术和材料的首次全面研究。分析方法包括偏光显微镜(PLM),横截面显微镜检查,X射线荧光(XRF),X射线衍射(XRD),显微拉曼光谱(μ-RS),傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR) )和使用能量色散光谱仪(SEM-EDX)的扫描电子显微镜,已用于检查涂料层地层,灰泥层,底漆层和无机颜料成分。结果表明,首先制备载体,其具有两层粗糙层,其由施加在砖墙上的粘土,沙子和稻草制成,然后是由石灰,粘土,沙子和棉制成的细涂层。然后,在精细涂层上涂上高岭土着色的底漆层,最后涂上红铅,红石,朱砂,滑石粉,孔雀石,硼铁矿、,石,黄石,普鲁士蓝,smalt,石青石,铅白和火焰碳在上面。研究表明,北方五省会馆壁画的绘画材料是原始的,其技巧得到了很好的实施,并遵循了中国古代的传统和标准方式。但是一些细节表现出很强的地方特色,例如使用稻草,棉花和高岭土作为原始材料,更容易获得。这项研究还表明,仅发现一种红色染料,而其他着色剂全部是无机的。除了普鲁士蓝之外,在中国古代壁画中使用的普鲁士蓝,斯玛塔石和硼铁矿的报道较少,其余颜料代表中国传统绘画材料。此外,进口颜料普鲁士蓝和斯玛塔特的使用证明了北部五省议会大厅的地理位置对于贸易至关重要。

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