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Oil and Conflict in Polarized State of South Sudan: Lessons for Biafra Agitators in Nigeria

机译:南苏丹两极分化国家的石油与冲突:尼日利亚比亚夫拉煽动者的教训

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Sudan has been at war for most of its modern history. Sudan is divided between an Arab, Muslim north and an African south which is largely Christian. Tension between these two polarized societies has caused Sudan to know only eleven years of peace since independence in 1956. This culminated into the declaration of independence by South Sudan from Sudan on 9 July 2011 and become Africa's first new country since Eritrea split from Ethiopia in 1993. Recently, there has been a renewed struggle for the Republic of Biafra by members of the Movement for the Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) in Nigeria and outside the country. Nearly Fifty years after the Biafran War which almost destroyed the unity of Nigeria, its agitators have refused to give up the struggle. This paper opines that while ethnicity and religion have played a significant role, the conflict has mainly been fought over oil. The Marxist theory was employed to explain the politico-economic framework through which oil is being exploited and distributed as mostly responsible for trigging and fueling numerous conflicts within African societies, including agitation for the Republic of Biafra. The paper carefully examines the destruction of the past civil war, or rather of the social mechanisms that brought about the current turbulent experience in the quintessential case of Biafra Agitators in relation to South Sudan. Though the author is aware that it is rather hazardous at this point in time to predict a peaceful and sustainable future for South Sudan, the paper upholds that the initiators of current struggle for Biafra are terrorists and have not learnt from the Sudan catastrophic war before and after its independence. Therefore, the paper recommends systematic Joint-Problem-Solving process of dialogue to be employed by the President Buhari government in engaging these disenchanted Nigerians and that sustainable solution can only come through amicable and harmonious society in which every individual regardless of his religion and ethnicity is treated equally to benefit from the commonwealth.
机译:苏丹的大部分现代历史都在交战。苏丹分为阿拉伯,穆斯林北部和非洲南部(主要是基督教徒)。自从1956年独立以来,这两个两极分化的社会之间的紧张关系使苏丹只知道了11年的和平。这最终导致南苏丹于2011年7月9日宣布脱离苏丹独立,成为自1993年厄立特里亚从埃塞俄比亚分裂以来非洲的第一个新国家。最近,在尼日利亚及其他国家,比夫拉共和国实现主权国家运动(MASSOB)成员为比夫拉共和国进行了新的斗争。比亚夫兰战争几乎摧毁了尼日利亚的统一后近五十年,其煽动者拒绝放弃斗争。本文认为,尽管种族和宗教发挥了重要作用,但冲突主要是针对石油进行的。马克思主义理论被用来解释政治经济框架,通过它来开采和分配石油,主要是在非洲社会内部触发和助长了众多冲突,包括煽动比亚夫拉共和国。这篇论文仔细地考察了过去内战的破坏,或者是在典型的比亚法拉煽动者案中有关南苏丹的典型案例中造成了当前动荡经验的社会机制的破坏。尽管作者意识到在此时预测南苏丹的和平与可持续未来相当危险,但该论文坚持认为,目前为比亚夫拉奋斗的发起者是恐怖分子,并且在苏丹灾难性战争之前和之后都没有学过独立之后。因此,本文建议布哈里总统政府采用系统化的联合解决问题的对话程序,让这些分裂的尼日利亚人参与进来,并且可持续解决方案只能通过友好和睦的社会来实现,在这个社会中,每个人不论其宗教和种族如何平等对待以受益于英联邦。

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