Journalists’ Associations in Poland Before and After 1980

摘要

??Even under the authoritarian political system, the Association of Polish Journalists was able to achieve a certain level of independence. Journalists sought to use any possibility to expand the area of their freedom; however, the more possibilities arose, the bigger were differences of opinions about the ways and means of democratization. Contemporary arguments between diverse journalists’ associations in Poland reveal how difficult it is to separate a common concern for professional journalism from political divisions.