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The Insulation for Machines Having a High Lifespan Expectancy, Design, Tests and Acceptance Criteria Issues

机译:具有高预期寿命,设计,测试和验收标准问题的机器的绝缘

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The windings insulation of electrical machines will remain a topic that is updated frequently. The criteria severity requested by the electrical machine applications increases continuously. Manufacturers and designers are always confronted with new requirements or new criteria with enhanced performances. The most problematic requirements that will be investigated here are the extremely long lifespan coupled to critical operating conditions (overload, supply grid instabilities, and critical operating environments). Increasing lifespan does not have a considerable benefit because the purchasing price of usual machines has to be compared to the purchasing price and maintenance price of long lifespan machines. A machine having a 40-year lifespan will cost more than twice the usual price of a 20-year lifetime machine. Systems which need a long lifetime are systems which are crucial for a country, and those for which outage costs are exorbitant. Nuclear power stations are such systems. It is certain that the used technologies have evolved since the first nuclear power plant, but they cannot evolve as quickly as in other sectors of activities. No-one wants to use an immature technology in such power plants. Even if the electrical machines have exceeded 100 years of age, their improvements are linked to a patient and continuous work. Nowadays, the windings insulation systems have a well-established structure, especially high voltage windings. Unfortunately, a high life span is not only linked to this result. Several manufacturers’ improvements induced by many years of experiment have led to the writing of standards that help the customers and the manufacturers to regularly enhance the insulation specifications or qualifications. Hence, in this publication, the authors will give a step by step exhaustive review of one insulation layout and will take time to give a detailed report on the standards that are linked to insulation systems. No standard can provide insurance about lifespan, nor do any insulation tests incorporate all of the operating conditions: thermal, mechanical, moisture and chemical. Even if one manufacturer uses the standards compliance to demonstrate the quality of its realization; in the end, the successful use in operation remains an objective test. Thereafter, both customer and manufacturers will use the standards while knowing that such documents cannot fully satisfy their wishes. In one 20-year historical review, the authors will highlight the duration in insulation improvements and small breakthroughs in standards writing. High lifespan machines are not the main interest of standards. A large part of this publication is dedicated to the improvements of the insulation wall to achieve the lifespan. Even if the choice of raw materials is fundamental, the understanding of ageing phenomena also leads to improvements.
机译:电机的绕组绝缘仍将是一个经常更新的话题。电机应用要求的标准严重性不断提高。制造商和设计师总是面对新要求或新标准,并提高了性能。这里将要研究的最有问题的要求是寿命极长,再加上关键的工作条件(过载,供电电网不稳定和关键的工作环境)。使用寿命的延长并没有太大的好处,因为必须将普通机器的购买价格与长寿命机器的购买价格和维护价格进行比较。使用寿命为40年的机器的价格是20年使用寿命的机器的正常价格的两倍以上。需要长寿命的系统是对于一个国家至关重要的系统,而那些系统的停机成本过高。核电站就是这样的系统。可以肯定的是,自从第一座核电站以来,所使用的技术已经在发展,但是它们不能像其他活动领域一样迅速地发展。没有人愿意在这样的发电厂中使用不成熟的技术。即使电机已经超过100年的使用寿命,它们的改进也与患者的持续工作息息相关。如今,绕组绝缘系统具有完善的结构,特别是高压绕组。不幸的是,高寿命不仅与这一结果有关。经过多年的试验,几家制造商的改进导致标准的制定,以帮助客户和制造商定期提高绝缘规格或资格。因此,在本出版物中,作者将逐步详细审查一种绝缘材料的布局,并花一些时间来详细报告与绝缘系统相关的标准。没有任何标准可以保证使用寿命,也没有任何绝缘测试包含所有的工作条件:热,机械,湿气和化学物质。即使一个制造商使用标准合规性来证明其实现的质量;最后,在操作中的成功使用仍然是一项客观测试。此后,客户和制造商都将使用该标准,同时知道此类文档不能完全满足他们的要求。在一项为期20年的历史回顾中,作者将重点介绍绝缘改进的持续时间和标准编写中的小突破。高寿命机器不是标准的主要目的。该出版物的很大一部分致力于改善隔热墙以延长使用寿命。即使选择原材料是最基本的,对老化现象的理解也会带来改善。

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