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Immigrant citizenship status in Europe: the role of individual characteristics and national policies

机译:欧洲移民公民身份:个人特征和国家政策的作用

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Abstract The acquisition of citizenship status in the new country of residence may depend on (1) the individual immigrant’s characteristics, (2) the structural characteristics of both the origin and the destination countries and (3) institutional factors in the destination country including policy factors, specifically the national citizenship policies. Although almost all European countries have shifted from a ‘nationalist’ to a more ‘multiculturalist’ citizenship policy, thus formally liberalising the access to citizenship rights, in Europe the opportunities for obtaining citizenship status in the new country of residence are still quite limited for many immigrants and their descendants. In addition, the conditions under which immigrants become naturalised citizens vary widely between countries. Indeed, there are many differences in policies on the right to citizenship in terms of the residence requirements for naturalisation, citizenship by birth, acceptance of dual citizenship and language requirements. The aim of this paper is to examine, through a logistic regression model with cluster-robust standard errors, the effect of both individual-level characteristics and measures of national citizenship policies on the likelihood of citizenship status amongst young and adult immigrants living in six European countries, i.e. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain, using data from the Immigrant Citizens Survey (ICS). The results show a considerable effect of individual characteristics on citizenship status. However, the effect of policy factors is also important. In particular, a lower residence requirement for naturalisation and a more inclusive environment favour immigrants becoming citizens of the new country of residence.
机译:摘要在新居住国中获得公民身份可能取决于(1)个人移民的特征,(2)原籍国和目的地国的结构特征以及(3)目的地国的制度因素,包括政策因素,尤其是国家公民政策。尽管几乎所有欧洲国家都已从“民族主义者”转变为更加“多元文化主义者”的公民政策,从而正式放宽了获得公民权利的途径,但在欧洲,许多人仍然难以获得新居住国公民身份的机会移民及其后代。此外,各国之间移民成为入籍公民的条件差异很大。实际上,就归化的居住要求,出生时的公民身份,双重公民身份的接受和语言要求而言,公民权政策有许多差异。本文的目的是通过具有聚类稳健性标准误差的逻辑回归模型,研究居住在六个欧洲国家的青年和成年移民的个人水平特征和国家公民政策措施对公民身份可能性的影响。比利时,法国,德国,意大利,葡萄牙和西班牙等国家/地区,使用来自移民公民调查(ICS)的数据。结果表明,个人特征对公民身份的影响很大。但是,政策因素的影响也很重要。特别是,较低的入籍要求和更加包容的环境有利于移民成为新居住国的公民。

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