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Spectroscopic studies of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes

机译:钼和钨酶的光谱研究

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Molybdenum and tungsten are the only second and third-row transition elements with a known function in living systems. Molybdenum fulfills functional roles in enzyme systems in almost all living creatures, from bacteria through plants to invertebrates and mammals, while tungsten takes the place of molybdenum in some prokaryotes, especially the hyperthermophilic archaea. The enzymes contain the metal bound by an unusual sulfur-containing cofactor. Despite possessing common structural elements, the enzymes are remarkable in the range of different chemical reactions that are catalyzed, although almost all are two-electron oxidation-reduction reactions in which an oxygen atom is transferred to or from the molybdenum. The functional roles filled by molybdenum enzymes are equally diverse; for example, they play essential roles in microbial respiration, in the uptake of nitrogen in green plants, in controlling insect eye color, and in human health. Spectroscopic studies, in particular electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, have played an essential role in our understanding of the active site structures and catalytic mechanisms of the molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. This review summarizes the role spectroscopy has played in the state of our knowledge of the molybdenum and tungsten enzymes, with particular regard to structural information on the molybdenum sites.
机译:钼和钨是在生命系统中具有已知功能的仅有的第二行和第三行过渡元素。从细菌到植物到无脊椎动物和哺乳动物,钼在几乎所有生物中都在酶系统中发挥功能性作用,而钨在某些原核生物(尤其是嗜热古生菌)中取代了钼。酶中含有不常见的含硫辅因子所结合的金属。尽管具有共同的结构元素,但是在几乎所有的都是双电子氧化还原反应中,氧原子与钼转移或从钼转移出的酶,在所催化的不同化学反应范围内仍具有显着的酶。钼酶发挥的功能作用也各不相同。例如,它们在微生物呼吸,绿色植物中的氮吸收,控制昆虫的眼睛颜色以及人类健康中起着至关重要的作用。光谱学研究,特别是电子顺磁共振和X射线吸收光谱学,在我们了解钼和钨酶的活性位点结构和催化机理方面发挥了至关重要的作用。这篇综述总结了光谱学在我们了解钼和钨酶的状态下所起的作用,特别是关于钼位点的结构信息。

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