Authentication systems must be strong enough to ensure confidentiality, accountability, and integrity for a reasonable cost-and be user friendly. Good, publicly available guidance does exist; for instance, see [1]. Usability, on the other hand, is mostly treated informally. The authors report that only four of the 23 publications report the results of an empirical usability study, and none of the systems are analyzed using a standard usability metric. This paper uses a formal approach, systems usability scale (SUS), to assess the usability of seven different web authentication systems. It provides reliable, replicable results.
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