The focus of most published research in architecture is on applications implemented in high-performance, “close-to-the-metal” languages essentially developed before computers got fast. These, let’s call them metal languages, include FORTRAN (introduced in 1957), C (1972), and C++ (1985). Despite their age, these languages are far from dead! Programmers continue to write applications in them, and they continue to evolve: the just approved C++20 standard is the latest example.
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