Effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of peracetic acid and active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite on Chironomus xanthus

摘要

Freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to residual concentrations of chemical agents from anthropogenic activities, and the real impacts of such compounds can only be evaluated accurately using ecotoxicological tests. The assessment of ecotoxicological effects of peracetic acid (PAA) and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)(2)) on the insect Chironomus xanthus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) is highly relevant as there are few reports on its effects in fresh water ecosystems. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to assess the chronic toxicity of the compounds to C. xanthus. The toxicity bioassays for C. xanthus included the acute effect (CL50) and the chronic effects based on body length, head width, and cumulative emergence. The results obtained in the acute effect tests indicated that the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)(2) is 14 fold more toxic than PAA to C. xanthus. In sublethal evaluations, the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)(2) presented higher toxicity than PAA in terms of percentage emergence, body development, and head width. In general, the results showed lower PAA toxicity relative to the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)(2), demonstrating that PAA is a promising substitute for chlorinated disinfectants. In addition, the study facilitates the establishment of reference values for the safe release of effluents treated with PAA into water bodies. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.