Sharing the Commons as a 'New Top' of Arnstein's Ladder of Participation

摘要

It has been half a century since Arnstein (1969) theorized her ladder of participation. Today the lower rungs still seem to provide an adequate interpretative key to what is not participation and when participation is only partly accomplished. But, as proposed in this article, overfifty years the top of participation has changed and evolved. In the wake of the economic crisis of 2008, a nascent 'caring society' (Glautier, 2013) began to express the will to design and manage common goods in urban as well rural settings. In 1968, Hardin focused attention on this subjectexpressing pessimism about what would happen to 'the commons'. It is true that in recent decades many resources have been wasted or consumed by elite groups (Ness, 2019). However, at the same time many people have developed a new collaborative attitude. In the Italian experience, there isincreasing interest in contributing to the care of common goods in response to the challenge of 'sharing the administration' (Arena, 1997), as seen in the thousands of Italian 'pacts of collaboration' that have emerged. A 'new top' is proposed for the ladder of participation that would involvethose who are governed being active and equal to those who govern, for the first time in history since the French Revolution. As this article explains, the possible 'new top' consists of building new and unexpected alliances among public, private and third sector subjects to take care of commongoods through innovative administrative tools in partnership.