CFD predictions for cement kilns including flame modeling, heat transfer and clinker chemistry

摘要

Clinker formation in coal-fired rotary cement kilns under realistic operation conditions has been modeled with a commercial axisymmeric CD code for the gaseous phase including a Mone Carlo method for radiation, a finite volume code for the energy equation in the kiln walls, and a novel code for the species and energy conservation eu0011nations, including chemical reactions, for he clinker. An iterative procedure between the predictions for the temperature field of the gaseous phase, the radiative heat flux to the walls, and hue kiln and clinker temperature is used to predict the distribution of he inner wall temperature explicitly, including he calculation of heat flow to the clinker. It was found that the dominant mode of heat transfer between the gas and the kiln walls is by radiation and that the heat lost through the refractors to the environment is about 10/100 of the heat input and a further 40/100 is used for charge heating and clinker formation. The predictions are consistent with trends based on experience and limited measurements in a full-scale cement kiln.