Land Reform and farm Restructuring; What Has Eeen Accomplished to Date?

摘要

The countries of East Central Europe (ECE) and the former Soviet Union (FSU) entered the transition in 1989-1990 with a common heritage in agriculture: most land, regardless of its ownership, was cultivated collectively in large-scale farms with thousands of hectares and hundreds of member-workers; the com- merical production form the collective sector was supplemented by subsistence-oriented in- dividual agriculture based on rural household plots of less than one hectare; product markets and input supply channels were largely controlled by state organizations within an ad- ministrative command framework; budget constraints virtually did not exist.