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  • 1.

    【2hr】Letter to the Editor: Is Golf the New Football or Have We Made It So?

    包量

    机译 致编辑的信：高尔夫是新橄榄球还是我们做到了？
    摘要：Sir, We read with interest the article by Goebel et al. (Goebel D, Drollinger F, Drollinger A. Lumbar Spine Injuries: Primary Prevention in Amateur and Professional Golf Players. Sports Med Int Open. 2018; 2:179–184). We have been deeply interested in this sport and delved on the musings of competitiveness causing athletes to put un-natural strains on their bodies and vice-versa. While we do understand the cause of Lumbar spine injuries caused by athletes putting undue stress on their bodies, we need to understand that the reason for the same.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Comparison of Kinematics and Muscle Activation between Push-up and Bench Press

    包量

    机译 俯卧撑和卧推的运动学和肌肉激活比较
    摘要：The purpose of this study was to compare the similarity in kinematics and upper-body muscle activation between push-up and bench press exercises over a range of loads. Twenty resistance-trained subjects (age 22.5±5.24 yrs, body mass 83.7±10.7 kg, height 1.80±0.06 m) executed bench presses and push-ups with 4 different loads. Bench press was executed at 50–80% of their assumed 1 repetition max in steps of 10 kg, while push-ups were executed without a weight vest and with a 10–20–30 kg weight vest. A linear encoder measured kinematics (displacement, time, average and peak velocity) during the exercises at each load, together with mean and maximal muscle activation of 8 upper body muscles and their timing for each exercise and each load. The main findings of this study demonstrate no differences in kinematics and muscle activation between the two exercises and that the different loads had the same effect upon both push-up and bench press in experienced resistance-trained men. For coaches and athletes, push-ups and bench presses for strength training can be used interchangeably. By using a weight vest, push-ups can mimic different loads that are similar to different intensities in the bench press that can be used to train strength demands.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Match Running Performance on Three Different Competitive Standards in Norwegian Soccer

    包量

    机译 挪威足球在三种不同竞争标准下的比赛运行表现
    摘要：The aim of the study was to compare running performance of three competitive standards and to examine the effects of being promoted to a higher league in Norwegian football. One clubʼs first and second team were included. The first team consisted of professional soccer players playing at Level 2 (2015 season) and Level 1 (2016 season). The second team consisted of amateurs playing at Level 4. A fully automatic tracking system was used to examine running performance, divided into different running-speed categories and playing position. Forty-one matches were included containing 278 observations. Level 1 performed 61 and 51% sprinting compared to Level 2 and Level 4 but similar high-speed running. Similar high-speed running distances were observed only for the different playing positions at Level 1 compared to Level 2 and 4. The sprinting distance was greater for the central defender and attacker, and the number of accelerations was greater for central midfielders and wide midfielders’ playing at Level 1 compared to lower competitive standards. In conclusion, better competitive standards resulted in greater high-intensity actions than lower leagues in Norwegian soccer. Furthermore, only central defenders and attackers increased their high-intensity locomotions when the team was promoted.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Changes in Flexibility and Force are not Different after StaticVersus Dynamic Stretching

    包量

    机译 静态后，柔韧性和力的变化没有变化与动态拉伸
    摘要：In this study, we examined the effects of static and dynamic stretching on range of motion (ROM), passive torque (PT) at pain onset, passive stiffness, and isometric muscle force. We conducted a randomized crossover trial in which 16 healthy young men performed a total of 300 s of active static or dynamic stretching of the right knee flexors on two separate days in random order. To assess the effects of stretching, we measured the ROM, PT at pain onset, passive stiffness during passive knee extension, and maximum voluntary isometric knee flexion force using an isokinetic dynamometer immediately before and after stretching. Both static and dynamic stretching significantly increased the ROM and PT at pain onset (p<0.01) and significantly decreased the passive stiffness and isometric knee flexion force immediately after stretching (p<0.01). However, the magnitude of change did not differ between the two stretching methods for any measurements. Our results suggest that 300 s of either static or dynamic stretching can increase flexibility and decrease isometric muscle force; however, the effects of stretching do not appear to differ between the two stretching methods.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Time Course Changes in Confirmed ‘True’ VO2max After Individualized and Standardized Training

    包量

    机译 确认的“ True” VO的时程变化2max经过个性化和标准化培训后
    摘要：This study sought to examine time course changes in maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) confirmed with verification testing following 12 weeks of standardized vs. individualized exercise training. Participants (N=39) were randomly allocated to differing exercise intensity prescription groups: ventilatory threshold (individualized) or % heart rate reserve (standardized). At baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, participants completed maximal exercise testing with a verification protocol to confirm ‘true VO 2 max.’ VO 2 max in the standardized group changed from 24.3±4.6 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 at baseline to 24.7±4.6, 25.9±4.7, and 26.0±4.2 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 at week 4, 8, and 12, respectively, with a significant difference (p<0.05) in VO 2max at week 8 and 12 compared to baseline. The individualized group had increases in VO2max fromonline 29.5±7.5 ml·kg−1·min−1at baseline to 30.6±8.4, 31.4±8.4, and 32.8±8.6 ml·kg−1·min−1at week 4, 8, and 12, respectively. In the individualized group, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in VO2max from baseline to week 8 and 12 and a significant increase in VO2max from week 8 to 1online 2. Although not statistically significant, our preliminary data demonstrates a more rapid and potent improvement in VO2max when exercise intensity is individualized. This is the first investigation to employ use of the verification procedure to confirm ‘true VO2max’ changes following exercise training using ventilatory thresholds.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Behavioral Modification Enhances the Benefits from Structured Aerobic and Resistance Training

    包量

    机译 行为修正可增强结构性有氧和阻力训练的益处
    摘要：Behavioral modification (BM) is a strategy designed to sustain or restore well-being through effects such as enhanced relaxation, reduced stress, and improved sleep. Few studies have explored the role of BM delivered in the context of fitness programs for healthy adults. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine whether BM combined with aerobic and resistance training programs would improve health and fitness measures more than the exercise training alone. Thirty-two healthy fitness club members (19 men) were randomized to receive a BM program (n=15) or an equal-attention (EA) control (n=17). BM consisted of twelve, 10-min education sessions between a trained fitness professional and the participant, coupled with weekly, individualized relaxation, stress reduction, and sleep improvement assignments. All participants engaged in 1 h of coached resistance training and remotely guided aerobic exercise thrice weekly for 12 weeks. Fitness measures (aerobic performance, body composition, muscle strength and endurance, lower-body power), sleep characteristics, and heart rate variability (HRV) were obtained at baseline and after the 12-week program. BM resulted in greater improvements in aerobic performance (increased maximum oxygen uptake, metabolic (lactate) threshold, and percent of maximum oxygen uptake at which metabolic threshold occurred), peak and average lower-body power, and body composition (decreased body fat percentage and fat mass) compared to EA. BM also positively influenced parasympathetic tone through increased High-frequency HRV. BM resulted in greater improvements in fitness measures, body composition, and heart rate variability compared with EA. These findings have intriguing implications regarding the role of BM in augmenting health and physical performance.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Determination of the Maximal Lactate Steady State by HRV in Overweight and Obese Subjects

    包量

    机译 通过HRV确定超重和肥胖受试者的最大乳酸稳态
    摘要：The study assessed if the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) may be determined by HRV in overweight and obese individuals. Fourteen obese (OB) and 14 overweight (OW) participants performed an incremental exercise test and several constant-load tests on a bicycle ergometer to determine the MLSS. HRV was analysed by using time domain and non-linear parameters of the Poincaré plot. Various HRV thresholds (HRVt) were detected and compared with the MLSS. Overall, Bland-Altman plots demonstrated moderate to strong agreements between the power at the MLSS and the power at HRVt, with all HRVt overestimating the MLSS (range: − 14.6 to−19.8 W). All HRVt were detected at higher intensities (69.2–78.8%P max ) compared to the MLSS (62.6–66.8%P max ). The primarily vagally modulated parameter HRVt SD1 revealed higher correlations (r=0.66–0.76) and lower differences (16.8–19.9%) compared to the parameter HRVt SD2 (r=0.56–r=0.66; 22.4–22.9%). The data suggest a delayed vagal withdrawal during incremental exercise in obese and overweight individuals. For this population, the use of HRV to determine the MLSS seems questionable.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Running Performance and Position is Not Related to Decision-Making Accuracy in Referees

    包量

    机译 跑步成绩和位置与裁判中的决策准确性无关
    摘要：We aimed to assess if running performance is related to decision-making accuracy in referees. We also investigated the relationships between movement, position, decision-making and time of infringement. The study included 347 free kicks and penalties awarded during all 15 home field matches for one team in the Norwegian top league. Movement and position were measured by a radio-based positioning system, and two external experts analysed the video clips. The referees made the correct decision in 98% of the assessed foul situations. There were no associations between the correctness and running speed at the time of the infringements or total distance accumulated during the 30 s prior to the infringement (p>0.08). Decision-making accuracy was not associated with the referees’ position in relation to the infringements (p=0.82) or the area where the infringements occurred (p=0.28). Most foul play incidents were sanctioned in the central area of the field (84%) where the distance to the infringements was shorter (13.4 m, 95% CI 12.8–14.0) than in the lateral areas (21.9 m, 95% CI 20.4–23.4). Norwegian top referees were practically always right when they interfered, possess the necessary fitness to avoid fatigue that would influence decision-making accuracy, and maintain adequate positional ability throughout the matches.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Insulin Sensitivity, Depression/Anxiety, and Physical Fitness in At-Risk Adolescents

    包量

    机译 风险青少年的胰岛素敏感性，抑郁/焦虑和身体素质
    摘要：Poor physical fitness contributes to the early progression of cardiometabolic disease, yet the physiological and psychological factors underpinning poor fitness in at-risk adolescents are not well understood. In this study, we sought to determine the relationship of physical fitness with two developmental phenomena of adolescence, insulin resistance and depression/anxiety symptoms among at-risk youth. We conducted secondary data analyses of 241 overweight or obese adolescents (12–17 years), drawn from two study cohorts. Insulin sensitivity index was derived from oral glucose tolerance tests. Adolescents self-reported depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms on validated surveys. A walk/run test was administered to determine perceived exertion and physical fitness (distance traveled). Insulin sensitivity was positively associated with walk/run distance ( b =0.16, P< 0.01), even after accounting for all covariates. Anxiety symptoms were inversely related to perceived exertion ( b =–0.11, P< 0.05), adjusting for covariates. These findings suggest that insulin resistance and anxiety symptoms are associated with different dimensions of physical fitness in overweight or obese adolescents and could both potentially contribute to declining fitness and worsening metabolic outcomes in at-risk youth.
  • 10.

    【2hr】The Physical Attributes Most Required in Professional Ballet: A Delphi Study

    包量

    机译 专业芭蕾最需要的物理属性：Delphi研究
    摘要：Background It is commonly accepted that dancers are undoubtedly athletes, with ballet perhaps the most demanding dance form. No previous study has sought to define the physical attributes most desired for classical ballet by professional companies and vocational schools. These are likely to include both aesthetic features and attributes that reduce the risk of injury as well as enhance performance. Method An initial survey question using the modified Delphi technique was sent using Opinio Survey Software to a selected international expert panel. This was drawn both from those involved in selection of elite professional ballet dancers, and the international medical professionals involved in the care of dancers. The first questionnaire was open-ended to scope for all the physical attributes most favoured by the professional experts. Results There were 148 responses from the panel of international experts. In total 34 physical attributes were suggested. The 2 most recommended physical criteria for selection into the profession were overall flexibility and overall strength. These results are discussed in the context of the published literature on the mechanics, anatomy and physiology of ballet. Conclusion Flexibility and strength are the 2 features most sought after in elite ballet dancers.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Time Trends of Head Injuries Over Multiple Seasons in Professional Male Football (Soccer)

    包量

    机译 职业男子足球（足球）多个季节头部受伤的时间趋势
    摘要：The present study aimed to investigate time trends of head injuries and their injury mechanisms since a rule change as monitoring may help to identify causes of head injuries and may advance head injury prevention efforts. Based on continuously recorded data from the German football magazine “kicker Sportmagazin ® ” as well as other media sources, a database of head injuries in the 1 st German male Bundesliga was generated comprising 11 seasons (2006/07–2016/17). Injury mechanisms were analysed from video recordings. Injury incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Time trends were analysed via linear regression. Two hundred thirty-eight match head injuries occurred (IR 1.77/1000 match hours, 95% CI 1.56–2.01). There were no significant seasonal changes, expressed as annual average year-on-year change, in IRs over the 11-year period for total head injuries (p=0.693), facial/head fractures (p=0.455), lacerations/abrasions (p=0.162), and head contusions (p=0.106). The annual average year-on-year increase for concussion was 6.4% (p=0.004). Five head injury mechanisms were identified. There were no seasonal changes in injury mechanisms over the study period. The concussion subcategory increased slightly over the seasons, which may either be a result of increasing match dynamics or raised awareness among team physicians and players.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Trunk Muscle Activity in One- and Two-Armed American Kettlebell Swing in Resistance-Trained Men

    包量

    机译 在抵抗训练的男子的一臂和二臂美国壶铃摆动中躯干肌肉活动。
    摘要：The aim of the study was to compare the one-armed vs. two-armed American kettlebell swing on trunk muscle activation. Fifteen resistance-trained men performed ten repetitions of both exercises using a 14-kg kettlebell. Surface EMG from the erector spinae, rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles were collected on both sides of the trunk. The erector spinae activation during the one-armed swing was 14–25% higher on the contralateral compared to the ipsilateral side in both exercises (Cohen’s d effect size [ES]=0.41–0.71, p  ˂ 0.001–0.034). Further, the contralateral side was 14% more activated during the two-armed swing compared to the ipsilateral side during the one-armed swing (ES=0.43, p =0.009). For the rectus abdominis muscle, the two-armed swing induced higher activation of the rectus abdominis compared to the one-armed swing on both the contralateral (40%, ES=0.48, p =0.040) and ipsilateral side (59%, ES=0.83, p =0.002). There were no differences for the external oblique muscle ( p =0.495–0.662). In conclusion, the trunk activation patterns of the two exercises were different, which could be explained by different biomechanics in the two exercises, and could thus have complimentary effects. We recommend that both unilateral and bilateral execution of the American kettlebell swing is included over time.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Activity Profiles by Position in Youth Elite Soccer Players in Official Matches

    包量

    机译 青年比赛中青年优秀足球运动员的位置活动概况
    摘要：In order to investigate activity profiles and external load patterns in elite youth soccer players, we studied high-intensity activity patterns, maximum running speed, and temporary and end-of-match decline in external load in 54 U17 players (96 match observations) over a full season of official match play.Wide midfielders covered most high-intensity running (HIR) distance (1044.2 m), most sprinting distance (224.4 m), and the highest number of accelerations (185.2); center defenders had the lowest values for these activities (508.3 m, 85.1 m, and 119.0), respectively. Wide midfielders had the highest and center defenders had the lowest maximum speed (30.3 km · h − 1 and 28.6 km · h − 1), respectively. During the matches, players in all playing positions displayed a significant drop in HIR distance, sprinting distance, and number of accelerations. This was especially pronounced in the 5 min following the 5-min peak period and in the last 5-min period for sprinting distance.There are substantial differences in activity profiles by positions, but all players show temporary and end-of-match drop in external load. The variation in activity profiles by playing position in this study may aid in the design of training programs. The considerable end-of-match drop in external load observed raises the question of the favorability of 90 min match times for U17 players.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Influence of Mouthguards on Physiological Responses in Rugby

    包量

    机译 护齿剂对橄榄球生理反应的影响
    摘要：Mouthguards (MGs) are highly recommended in rugby. Airway obstruction and a resulting decrease in power output are potential disadvantages of their usage. The aim of the study was to assess possible limitations of “vented” (MG V ) and custom-made mouthguards (MG C ) on rugby players’ performance. The MG effects were investigated in 13 male first-league rugby players ranging from 18–34 years old. First a lung function test was completed. Then a double incremental treadmill test was performed to measure maximum aerobic performance, ventilation, VO 2 , VCO 2 , heart rate, and lactate. Effects on sprint times (10 and 40 m) and countermovement jumps were also investigated. Peak flow values were significantly decreased with MG V by about 0.9 l/s. Neither ventilatory parameters nor oxygen uptake were affected by either of the mouthguards. Maximum lactate was significantly decreased in both MG types vs. no MG use. The maximum running velocity was similar in all tests. The aerobic energy turnover was moderately increased with the MG C and MG V . No effects were seen on sprint times or jump tests. Although neither type of mouthguard had a significant impact on maximum performance in treadmill running, the anaerobic energy turnover was decreased.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Correction: Activity Profiles by Position in Youth Elite Soccer Players in Official Matches

    包量

    机译 更正：官方比赛中青年优秀足球运动员的位置活动概况
    摘要：
  • 16.

    【2hr】Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Tennis-Specific Performance in Well-Trained Players

    包量

    机译 低氧反复冲刺训练对训练有素的运动员特定于网球的性能的影响
    摘要：This study examined the physiological, physical and technical responses to repeated-sprint training in normobaric hypoxia [RSH, inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO 2 ) 14.5%] vs. normoxia (RSN, FiO 2 20.9%). Within 12 days, eighteen well-trained tennis players (RSH, n=9 vs. RSN, n=9) completed five specific repeated-sprint sessions that consisted of four sets of 5 maximal shuttle-run sprints. Testing sessions included repeated-sprint ability and Test to Exhaustion Specific to Tennis (TEST). TEST’s maximal duration to exhaustion and time to attain the ‘onset of blood lactate accumulation’ at 4 mMol.L −1 (OBLA) improvements were significantly higher in RSH compared to RSN. Change in time to attain OBLA was concomitant with observations similar in time to the second ventilatory threshold. Significant interaction (P=0.003) was found for ball accuracy with greater increase in RSH (+13.8%, P=0.013) vs. RSN (–4.6%, P=0.15). A correlation (r=0.59, P<0.001) was observed between change in ball accuracy and TEST’s time to exhaustion. Greater improvement in some tennis-specific physical and technical parameters was observed after only 5 sessions of RSH vs. RSN in well-trained tennis players.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Reliability and Accuracy of Ball Speed During Different Strokes in Young Tennis Players

    包量

    机译 青少年网球运动员不同击球速度的可靠性和准确性
    摘要：This study aimed to examine the relationship between anthropometric and sport level (SL) variables and both ball speed and accuracy in young male competitive tennis players. A secondary aim of this study was to analyze the possible differences in ball speed and accuracy between players of different competitive levels. A total of 85 players (age: 14.7±2.4 years; height: 1.65±0.12 m; body weight: 56.3±13.4 kg) were divided into five groups according to their positions in the ranking list. To measure stroke performances, the goal was to hit 20 balls at the maximum possible speed inside the court, with the opportunity of hitting a maximum of 30 balls for each groundstroke and 40 for serve. Accuracy was calculated by dividing the number of balls inside the default surface by the total number of hits. The ball speed showed high reliability for all three strokes assessed. The ball speed progressively increased as SL increased for all strokes, whereas accuracy remained unchanged across SL groups. All independent variables presented significant relationships (r=0.59–0.85, p<0.05–0.001) with ball speed for all strokes. However, after applying partial correlations these relationships decreased substantially (r=0.02–0.51). The accuracy showed significant relationships with SL only in the serve (r=0.31, p<0.05) and backhand (r=0.26, p<0.05) strokes. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that tennis performance depends on increasing ball speed while maintaining a relatively stable level of accuracy.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Effect of Static Stretching with Superficial Cooling on Muscle Stiffness

    包量

    机译 静态拉伸和表面冷却对肌肉僵硬的影响
    摘要：This study aimed to clarify the acute effect of static stretching (SS) with superficial cooling on dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) and muscle stiffness. Sixteen healthy males participated in the cooling condition and a control condition in a random order. The DF ROM and the shear elastic modulus of medial gastrocnemius (MG) in the dominant leg were measured during passive dorsiflexion. All measurements were performed prior to (PRE) and immediately after 20 min of cooling or rested for 20 min (POST), followed by 2 min SS (POST SS). In cooling condition, DF ROM at POST and POST SS were significantly higher than that at PRE and DF ROM at POST SS was significantly higher than that at POST. In addition, the shear elastic modulus at POST was significantly higher than that at PRE and the shear elastic modulus at POST SS was significantly lower than those at PRE and POST. However, there were no significant differences in the percentage changes between PRE and POST SS between the cooling and control conditions. Our results showed that effects of SS with superficial cooling on increases in ROM and decrease in muscle stiffness were no more beneficial than those of SS alone.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Predictive Factors for Vitamin D Concentrations in Swiss Athletes: A Cross-sectional Study

    包量

    机译 瑞士运动员维生素D浓度的预测因素：一项横断面研究
    摘要：Vitamin D concentrations corresponding to 75 nmol/L 25(OH)D have been associated with maintained muscle function, growth and regeneration, optimal bone health and immunology in athletes. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of insufficient 25(OH)D concentrations in athletes. Six hundred three Swiss athletes were assessed. 25(OH)D was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A standardized questionnaire was used to gather information about potential predictors for 25(OH)D concentrations; 50.5% showed insufficient 25(OH)D concentrations. Differences in predicted probability of insufficient 25(OH)D were found for those vitamin D supplemented (42%) versus not supplemented (52%), in those performing indoor (58%) versus outdoor sports (43%), and during the sun-deprived seasons of fall (49%), winter (70%) and spring (57%) compared with summer (17%). Higher BMI z-scores and age were associated with higher 25(OH)D concentrations. In conclusion, insufficient 25(OH)D concentrations were common among athletes especially at a younger age, among those not supplemented, in athletes who trained indoors, and during the sun-deprived seasons. Because the prevalence of insufficient 25(OH)D concentrations in this study was high, regular supplementation in athletes may be indicated, except perhaps during the summer season. Further research is needed to determine which 25(OH)D concentrations lead to optimal health and performance in athletes.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Inter-Individual Variability in The Joint Negative Work During Running

    包量

    机译 跑步过程中负联动的个体差异
    摘要：The inter-individual variability of running technique is an important factor affecting the negative work of lower extremity joints that leads to muscle damage. Our study examines the relationships between the negative work of the lower extremity joints and the associated mechanical parameters that account for inter-individual variability in the negative work. Twenty-four young male adults were asked to run on a runway at a speed of 3.0 m·s −1 . Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between the negative work and the associated mechanical parameters for each lower extremity joint. With regards to the results, 76.3% of inter-individual variability in the negative work of the hip joint was accounted for by inter-individual variabilities in the corresponding moment (25.4%) and duration (50.9%). For the knee joint, the inter-individual variabilities in the moment (40.6%), angular velocity (24.5%), and duration (23.8%) accounted for 88.9% of inter-individual variability in the negative work. The inter-individual variability in the moment of the ankle joint alone accounted for 89.3% of the inter-individual variability in the corresponding negative work. These results suggest that runners can change the negative work by adapting their running techniques to influence the relevant mechanical parameter values; however, major parameters corresponding to the change in the negative work are not the same among the lower extremity joints.
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