>Objectives: Our purpose was to investigate whether differences exist in the values and temporal evolution of mean diffusivity (<D>) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of grey and white matter after human ischaemic stroke. >Methods: Thirty two patients with lesions affecting both grey and white matter underwent serial diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) within 24 hours, and at 4–7 days, 10–14 days, 1 month, and 3 months after stroke. Multiple small circular regions of interest (ROI) were placed in the grey and white matter within the lesion and in the contralateral hemisphere. Values of <D>{grey}, <D>{white}, FA{grey} and FA{white} were measured in these ROI at each time point and the ratios of ischaemic to normal contralateral values (<D>R and FAR) calculated. >Results: <D> and FA showed different patterns of evolution after stroke. After an initial decline, the rate of increase of <D>{grey} was faster than <D>{white} from 4–7 to 10–14 days. FA{white} decreased more rapidly than FA{grey} during the first week, thereafter for both tissue types the FA decreased gradually. However, FA{white} was still higher than FA{grey} at three months indicating that some organised axonal structure remained. This effect was more marked in some patients than in others. <D>R{grey} was significantly higher than <D>R{white} within 24 hours and at 10–14 days (p<0.05), and FAR{white} was significantly more reduced than FAR{grey} at all time points (p<0.001). >Conclusions: The values and temporal evolution of <D> and FA are different for grey and white matter after human ischaemic stroke. The observation that there is patient-to-patient variability in the degree of white matter structure remaining within the infarct at three months may have implications for predicting patient outcome.
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