Painful intervertebral disc degeneration and inflammation: from laboratory evidence to clinical interventions

摘要

Illustration of degenerative changes in painful intervertebral discs. During IVD degeneration, proteoglycans and collagen II are decreased, while collagen I and III are increased in the extracellular matrix. Emerging cytokines, chemokines, and pain-related factors synergistically contribute to discogenic pain development. IVD intervertebral disc, NP nucleus pulposus, AF annulus fibrosus