Diagram of virus infection and diffusion throughout anteroposterior extent of TH (red), 4ʹ,6-diamidine-2ʹ-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, blue), and eYFP (green) in somas at the VTA injection site (left panels) and in corresponding axons with VTA tissue. Representative images of triple immunofluorescence in the aIC (right panels). Yellow scale bar represents 500 µm and white scale bar represents 100 µm. SNpc substantia nigra pars compacta, AICd agranular insular cortex dorsal, AICv agranular insular cortex ventral. Raster plot and corresponding peri-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) (below, Sp/s, Spikes/s) of a VTA neuron recorded with an optrode (see scheme above). Responses were aligned to onset laser (time = 0); black ticks indicate a single action potential, whereas blue lines indicate laser pulses. A representative neuron recorded in the aIC after photoactivation of VTA TH+ neurons (see scheme above). Heat map of neuronal population responses recorded in VTA normalized to -scores as a function of laser frequency. Neurons were sorted according to its modulatory pattern either increased or decreased firing rates relative to activity in control trials (Kruskal–Wallis test). Below, corresponding population PSTHs; red lines represent neurons with increased and blue with decreased responses in response to laser. All neurons recorded with an electrode in aIC and photostimulation of VTA neurons. Percentage of neurons modulated in the VTA during photostimulation of VTA somas at different frequencies. Percentage of neurons modulated in aIC during photostimulation of VTA somas. In , each dot represents an individual mouse.
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