Phylogenetic tree of 19 amniotes for detecting PASs. The red branch indicates that mammalian social hierarchy systems might have emerged in the ancestral lineage of placental mammals. Sixteen amniotes linked by solid lines in the tree were used in the KFP test for accelerated evolution. Three other amniotes (Tasmanian devil, wallaby, and platypus) linked by dashed lines were included to validate the results of KFP test. Amniotes denoted with bold and underlined fonts were used for functional analyses. Manhattan plot of KFP screening results. Results of genome-wide scan for sequences with accelerated evolution are shown in Manhattan plot of significance against human chromosomal locations. Each dot represents one window. The location of the windows with the highest signal is indicated in red. The dash line denotes the threshold of the test after Bonferroni correction. Alignment of PAS1 nucleotide sequences of 19 amniotes. The locations of PAS1 regions containing clusters 1 and 2 with 11 significantly accelerated windows are shown. The evolutionary rates of PAS1 in the red (red), placental-specific (dark gray) and non-placental-specific (light gray) branches are shown in the middle panel. Coordinates of PAS1: human-hg19, chr9:126,770,367–126,771,183; mouse-mm9, chr2:38,203,254–38,204,076. Coordinates of core PAS1: human-hg19, chr9:126,770,494–126,771,174; mouse-mm9, chr2:38,203,382–38,204,067. Unrooted neighbor-joining tree of the conjunction of the accelerated clusters 1 and 2. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Tajima-Nei method.
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