Insight into the role of Mg2+ in hammerhead ribozyme catalysis from X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulation

摘要

Results of a series of 12 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the reactant state (with and without a Mg²⁺ ion), early and late transition state mimics are presented based on a recently reported crystal structure of a full-length hammerhead RNA. The simulation results support a catalytically active conformation with a Mg²⁺ ion bridging the A9 and scissile phosphates. In the reactant state, the Mg²⁺ spends significant time closely associated with the 2′OH of G8, but remains fairly distant from the leaving group O5′ position. In the early TS mimic simulation, where the nucleophilic O2′ and leaving group O5′ are equidistant from the phosphorus, the Mg²⁺ ion remains tightly coordinated to the 2′OH of G8, but is positioned closer to the O5′ leaving group, stabilizing the accumulating charge. In the late TS mimic simulation, the coordination around the bridging Mg²⁺ ion undergoes a transition whereby the coordination with the 2′OH of G8 is replace by the leaving group O5′ that has developed significant charge. At the same time, the 2′OH of G8 forms a hydrogen bond with the leaving group O5′ and is positioned to act as a general acid catalyst. This work represents the first reported simulations of the full-length hammerhead structure and TS mimics, and provides direct evidence for the possible role of a bridging Mg²⁺ ion in catalysis that is consistent with both crystallographic and biochemical data.