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Net-zero Nation: HVAC and PV Systems for Residential Net-Zero Energy Buildings across the United States

机译:零净国家:全美住宅净零能耗建筑的HVAC和PV系统

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摘要

This study compared the energy performance and initial cost of photovoltaic (PV) and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment for a residential net-zero energy building (NZEB) in different climate zones across the United States. We used an experimentally validated building simulation model to evaluate various electrically-powered and commercially-available HVAC technologies. The HVAC accounted for 23.8 % to 72.9 % of the total building energy depending on the HVAC option and climate zone. Each HVAC configuration was paired with a PV system sized to exactly reach the net-zero energy target, so the economics were compared based on the initial PV + HVAC cost. Mechanical ventilation was considered with and without heat recovery; the heat recovery ventilator (HRV) saved a significant amount of energy in cold winter months and hot summer months, and the energy recovery ventilator (ERV) provided additional benefit for humid zones. The HRV was cost-effective in the cold northern latitudes of Chicago, Minneapolis, Helena, and Duluth, where energy savings reached 17.3 % to 19.7 %. In other climates, ventilation without recovery was more cost effective, by 1 % to 9 %, and sometimes even more energy efficient. The ERV was never the lowest cost option. A ground-source heat pump (GSHP) and an air-source heat pump (ASHP) were compared, with the GSHP providing significant energy savings, 24.3 % to 39.2 %, in heating-dominated climates (Chicago through Duluth). In warmer climates, the GSHP saved little energy or used more energy than the ASHP. The PV + HVAC cost was lower everywhere with the ASHP, though it is possible for colder climates that a carefully sized GSHP and ground loop could be cost-competitive. The energy and cost data as well as the required PV capacity could guide HVAC and PV designs for residential NZEBs in different climate zones.
机译:这项研究比较了美国不同气候区的住宅零净能耗建筑(NZEB)的光伏(PV)以及供暖,通风和空调(HVAC)设备的能源性能和初始成本。我们使用了经过实验验证的建筑仿真模型来评估各种电力和商用HVAC技术。根据HVAC选项和气候区域的不同,HVAC占建筑总能源的23.8%至72.9%。每种HVAC配置都与一个光伏系统配对,该光伏系统的大小可精确达到零净能耗目标,因此根据初始PV + HVAC成本对经济性进行了比较。考虑有无热量回收的机械通风;在寒冷的冬季和炎热的夏季,热能回收通风机(HRV)节省了大量能源,而热能回收通风机(ERV)为潮湿地区提供了更多好处。在芝加哥,明尼阿波利斯,海伦娜和德卢斯等寒冷的北纬地区,HRV具有成本效益,其节能量达到了17.3%至19.7%。在其他气候条件下,不进行恢复的通风更具成本效益,降低了1%至9%,有时甚至提高了能源效率。 ERV从来不是最低成本的选择。对地源热泵(GSHP)和空气源热泵(ASHP)进行了比较,在供热为主的气候(芝加哥至德卢斯)中,GSHP可显着节能24.3%至39.2%。在温暖的气候下,GSHP比ASHP节省了很少的能源或使用了更多的能源。使用ASHP时,PV + HVAC的成本在任何地方都较低,尽管在寒冷的气候中,精心设计的GSHP和接地回路可能具有成本竞争力。能源和成本数据以及所需的PV容量可以指导不同气候区的住宅NZEB的HVAC和PV设计。

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