Functional architecture of low-frequency variants highlights strengthof negative selection across coding and noncoding annotations

摘要

Common variant heritability has been widely reported to be concentrated in variants within cell-type-specific noncoding functional annotations, but little is known about low-frequency variant functional architectures. We partitioned the heritability of both low-frequency (0.5%≤MAF<5%) and common (MAF≥5%) variants in 40 UK Biobank traits across a broad set of functional annotations. We determined that non-synonymous coding variants explain 17±1% of low-frequency variant heritability (hlf2 ) versus 2.1±0.2% of common variant heritability (hc2 ). Cell-type-specific noncoding annotations that were significantly enriched for hc2 of corresponding traits were similarly enriched for hlf2 for most traits, but more enriched for brain-related annotations and traits. For example, H3K4me3 marks in brain dorsolateral prefrontal cortex explain 57±12% of hlf2 vs. 12±2% of hc2 for neuroticism. Forward simulations confirmed that low-frequency variant enrichment depends on the mean selection coefficient of causal variants in the annotation, and can be used to predict effect size variance of causal rare variants (MAF<0.5%).