Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to serve as a repository of cells for the replacement of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. However, to use hESCs in clinically relevant scenarios, a large number of cells are likely to be required. The aim of this study was to demonstrate an alternative cell culture method to increase the quantity of osteoblast-like cells directly derived from hESCs (hESCs-OS). Undifferentiated hESCs were directly cultivated and serially passaged in osteogenic medium (hESC-OS), and exhibited similar expression patterns of osteoblast-related genes to osteoblast-like cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells derived from hESCs (hESCs-MSCs-OS) and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs-OS). In comparison to hESCs-MSCs-OS, the hESCs-OS required a shorter expansion time to generate a homogenous population of osteoblast-like cells that did not contain contaminating undifferentiated hESCs. Identification of human specific nuclear antigen (HuNu) in the newly formed bone in calvarial defects verified the role of the transplanted hESCs-OS as active bone forming cells in vivo. Taken together, this study suggests that osteoblast-like cells directly derived from hESCs have the potential to serve as an alternative source of osteoprogenitors for bone tissue engineering strategies.
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