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  • 1.

    【2hr】Serum level measurement of progranulin in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica patients

    包量

    机译 复发性多发性硬化症和视神经脊髓炎患者血清中颗粒蛋白原水平的测定
    摘要：Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology and variable clinical evolution. Although the role of serum progranulin levels in the pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, it is well known that progranulin is involved in several physiological and pathophysiological process of CNS including modulation of neurite outgrowth, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal survival. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to measure serum levels of progranulin in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in comparison with healthy control subjects. Methods: In a case-control study, plasma was collected from healthy controls (n = 37) and also patients with RRMS (n = 115) and NMO (n = 33). Serum level measurement of progranulin was performed using a sandwich ELISA method. Results: The serum levels of progranulin were 65.07 ± 11.64, 56.81 ± 10.34, and 47.73 ± 10.37 in NMO and MS patients and healthy controls, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference between them (P = 0.00). Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between serum levels of progranulin and EDSS of patients (r = 0.79 and P = 0.00). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that progranulin is up-regulated in MS patients and our findings strengthen the evidence for progranulin being involved in the pathogenesis of MS. However, further studies will be required to establish progranulin as an important marker for MS.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Effect of fingolimod on white blood cell, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in MS patients

    包量

    机译 芬戈莫德对MS患者白细胞，淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞计数的影响
    摘要：Introduction: Fingolimod is an immunomodulating oral treatment used for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The exact mechanism for its action in preventing relapses is unknown. Also, its affect on immune cell populations remains unestablished. Objectives: This study will measure the changes in cell populations of WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in MS patients after one month of treatment. Methods: 66 MS patients from Isfahan Province with RRMS were chosen based on certain exclusion criteria and eligibility for fingolimod oral treatment. Initial cell counts for WBC, lymphocyte, and neutrophil cell populations were achieved. Fingolimod .5 mg daily treatment was then initiated under the supervision of a physician. After one month of treatment, cell counts were repeated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: Both lymphocyte and WBC mean cell counts were significantly decreased in this patient cohort. Neutrophil average cell counts were significantly increased in this 66 patient cohort. Only the decrease of WBC populations was significant for both male and female cohorts individually. Only female sub-cohorts were significantly changed for neutrophils and lymphocytes, increased and decreased respectively. Male sub-cohorts maintained the same directionality but failed to produce statistical significance. Conclusion: While fingolimod has been effectively proven as reducing lymphocyte cells in most patient populations, its effects on neutrophils have not been studied in abundance. Also, there may be sex-related differences in responses to fingolimod treatment with regards to lymphocytes and neutrophils, suggesting a possible difference in RRMS pathogenesis between males and females.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Advances in the clinical and mechanism research of pollen induced seasonal allergic asthma

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    机译 花粉致季节性过敏性哮喘的临床及机制研究进展
    摘要：Seasonal allergic asthma prevalence has been increasing over the last decades and is one of global health concerns now. Pollen is one of the main reasons to cause seasonal allergic asthma and influenced by multiple risk factors. Thunderstorm-related asthma is a typical type of seasonal allergic asthma that thunderstorms occurring can induce severe asthma attacks during pollen season. The diagnosis of seasonal allergic asthma relies on precise medical history, skin prick tests (SPT) and specific IgE detection. Component resolved diagnosis is greatly significant in determining the complex situation. Allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying therapy that can change the natural course from seasonal allergic rhinitis to seasonal allergic asthma.
  • 4.

    【2hr】A protocol for isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells from human gingival tissue

    包量

    机译 从人牙龈组织分离和培养间充质干细胞的协议
    摘要：Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) have been considered to be a better source of MSCs for cell therapy in some immunological diseases. We describe a protocol for isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human gingival tissue in detail, which provides a methodology to help clinical researches and clinical trial. GMSCs are generally isolated from a remnant or discarded tissue following a routine dental procedure, then cultured in complete culture medium at 37°C in a humidified tissue culture incubator with 5% CO2 and 95% O2. Non-adherent cells are removed after 48~72 h and the fresh medium is replaced. When primary cultures become 80%~90% confluent, the plastic-adherent cells are treated with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA and subcultured. A purified population of GMSCs can be obtained 2-3 weeks after the initiation of culture.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Fingolimod and changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cells of patients with multiple sclerosis

    包量

    机译 芬戈莫德与多发性硬化症患者的血细胞比容，血红蛋白和红细胞变化
    摘要：Introduction: Fingolimod is the first oral drug approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of United States for treating patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Fingolimod acts by immunomodulation but there are still much remained about its different effects. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cells (RBC) of patients with MS under treatments with fingolimod. Methods: A total number of 66 MS patients were included to our study based on certain exclusion criteria and eligibility for fingolimod oral treatment. Hct, Hb, and RBC were measured for each patient before drug administrations. Patients were treated with Fingolimod. 5 mg daily and after three months of treatments, measurements of Hct, Hb, and RBC were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24. Results: Amounts of Hct, Hb, and RBC were significantly decreased in this patient cohort. Hematocrit was decreased in all patients. Hemoglobin levels were significantly decreased in the female cohorts. Such decreases for male patients were insignificant. Red blood cell counts were also significantly decreased in patients. Conclusion: Accumulating line of evidence had surveys on different side effects of fngolimod but here we indicated that fingolimod will also decrease amounts of Hct, Hb, and RBC which could result further problems in patients susceptible to other diseases.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Clinical presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome with different severity: a cross sectional study

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    机译 不同严重程度的腕管综合征的临床表现：一项横断面研究
    摘要：Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common neuropathy in the hand which presented with pain and paresthesia in the hands and the wrists. The aim of our study was evaluated clinical symptoms of patients with different severity of CTS. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study was performed on 40 patients referred to Emam khomeyni Hospital in Tehran from 2017 to late 2019 with symptoms of CTS and have been diagnosed with a definite diagnosis. Results: A positive significant correlation was between severity of CTS and age, and reverse significant correlation was between severity of CTS with duration of symptoms. There were significant relationships between severity of CTS and shaking or ringing the hands symptoms, weakness or atrophy of the flexion test and reverse phalen test (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Clinical symptoms of CTS can be diagnosing different severity of disease, so considering of symptoms can plays a predominant role in the diagnosis of the disease.
  • 7.

    【2hr】IgAλ monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) associated with primary selective IgM deficiency

    包量

    机译 意义不明的IgAλ单克隆丙种球蛋白病（MGUS）与原发性选择性IgM缺乏症相关
    摘要：Selective IgM deficiency (SIgMD) and IgA MGUS in a young woman are two rare disorders. IgA MGUS has not been described in patients with SIgMD. We present the first comprehensive analysis of various subsets of CD4+ T, CD8+ T cells, and B cells in a young woman with SIgMD and IgAλ MGUS. Analysis of B cell subsets revealed increased proportions of transitional B cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, B regulatory cells (Breg), and plasmablasts (PB), and decreased proportions of marginal zone (MZ) B cells. BAFF-R expression on both naïve and memory B cells was increased. CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory cells were decreased, whereas CD4+ and CD8+ naïve T cells were increased. These abnormalities in B cell subsets and plasmablasts are not observed in SIgMD, therefore appears be influenced by MGUS. No correlation was observed with changes in the levels of monoclonal IgA and serum IgM levels over nine years follow-up suggesting that SIgMD is likely to be primary rather than secondary to MGUS. These observations also suggest that IgAλ MGUS and perhaps other MGUS may occur at a young age in association with selective IgM deficiency. The abnormalities in B cell subsets may have a predictive value for progression to multiple myeloma.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Pressure pain assessment may predict the outcome of spinal cord stimulation for refractory epilepsy

    包量

    机译 压力疼痛评估可预测难治性癫痫脊髓刺激的结果
    摘要：It was well-documented that epilepsy and pain arise from an excitation-inhibition imbalance within neuronal networks. A previous meta-analysis of data from clinical trials showed an association between anticonvulsants and specific pain types, e.g. multiple sclerosis pain. Multiple multicentre randomized controlled trials have shown that antiepileptic drugs have a prominent role in the treatment of several types of pain, e.g. neuropathic pain. Many anticonvulsants have been introduced to better manage acute postoperative pain, with improvements in analgesic efficacy and safety. These data suggested that there existed the similar mechanisms of certain forms of epilepsy and pain, and the therapeutic mechanism of spinal cord stimulation for certain forms of epilepsy and pain may be involved in the melanocortinergic signaling, and the change in cerebral glucose metabolism. We hypothesized that pressure pain assessment may predict the outcome of spinal cord stimulation in refractory epilepsy.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Serum levels of histamine and diamine oxidase in multiple sclerosis

    包量

    机译 多发性硬化症的血清组胺和二胺氧化酶水平
    摘要：Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, mostly affecting young adults. Diamine oxidase is an enzyme essential for histamine production. Histamine which is produced mostly by mast cells can have effects on different aspects of immune system via its different histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R). The crucial role of diamine oxidase and histamine in immune balance has been documented in different studies and experiments both on MS patients and on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this regard, we aimed to measure the level of histamine and diamine oxidase in the serum of MS patients. Methods: A total number of 50 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 41 age and sex matched controls were enrolled in this study. Assessments of serum levels of histamine and diamine oxidase enzyme were performed using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The serum levels of histamine and diamine oxidase in RRMS patients were lower than healthy controls (P-value = 0.00, for both). Conclusion: Our research team found significant low levels of histamine and diamine oxidase in RRMS patients; however the pathogenesis of this issue was unclear.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells: origins and features

    包量

    机译 肿瘤浸润调节性T细胞的起源和特征
    • 作者：Guoping Deng
    • 刊名：American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology
    • 2018年第5期
    摘要：Tumor cells evolve multiple sophisticated mechanisms to escape immune surveillance, one of which is to establish tolerogenic microenvironment by recruiting certain immune suppressive cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Tregs are subpopulation of CD4+ T cells, which specialize in suppressing immune responses and preventing autoimmune damage to collateral tissue. Emerging evidence suggests that Treg cell number increases in various types of cancer, which correlates with tumor grade and poor patient prognosis. This review will focus on discussion of the origins and features of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells. Ultimately, these features may provide insight into potential therapeutic intervention by targeting Treg cells to invigorate immune response against tumor.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Treatment of multiple system atrophy - the past, present and future

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    机译 多系统萎缩的治疗-过去，现在和未来
    摘要：Multiple system atrophy is a sporadic progressive degenerative disease which is characterized by multiple central nervous systems involved. So far, there is no effective medicine to cure MSA. The main research direction of treatment includes immunization transplantation and cytotherapy. Human umbilical cord blood is the residue of blood in the placenta and umbilical cord after fetal delivery. It is the most abundant cell bank and its usage is not limited to treat hematological diseases. The researches about hUCB-MNC treatment on MSA are increasing gradually. The potential of other MSC is also discussed. Lateral atlanto-occipital space puncture is an ingenious way created by Professor Dianrong Gong. More than 30 cases of MSA have been treated by this method with fine clinical effect and without serious complications. It indicates that stem cells treatment is a valid method for refractory nerve system diseases.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Effects of allergic stimulation and glucocorticoids on miR-155 in CD4+ T-cells

    包量

    机译 过敏刺激和糖皮质激素对CD4 + T细胞中miR-155的影响
    摘要：Rationale: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as important regulators of allergic inflammation and potential therapeutic targets. We sought to identify which miRNAs are expressed in CD4+ T-cells and determine whether allergic stimuli or glucocorticoids alter their expression. Methods: After IRB approval, blood was collected from dust mite (DM) allergic rhinitis subjects (n=20), non-allergic controls (n=8), and asthmatics (n=16). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with dust mite extract (DME), diluent control, or DME + dexamethasone (0.1 µM). CD4+ T-cells were collected by magnetic bead column, and RNA was isolated by guanidinium/phenol-chloroform extraction. MicroRNA expression was measured using Nanostring microarray and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Results: We identified 196 miRNAs that were stably expressed in circulating CD4+ T-cells. Allergen stimulation of CD4+ T-cells with DME differentially induced miR-155 expression in cells of DM-allergic subjects as compared to non-allergic subjects. Induction of miR-155 expression was also observed with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 simulation and phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (PMA) treatment, and further augmented by calcium inophore and bromocyclic AMP in the latter treatment. The level of miR-155 expression was positively associated with expression of the TH2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. Inhibition of miR-155 in Jurkat T-cells inhibited the production of these cytokines. Glucocorticoids attenuated the effects of dust mite allergen, raising the possibility that inhibition of this miRNA could be a mechanism through which glucocorticoids exhibit their anti-inflammatory effects. The CD4+ T-cells had a higher level of miR-155 expression in asthma compared to in allergic rhinitis and non-asthmatics. The inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on CD4+ T-cell miR-155 expression were lost in severe asthmatics. Conclusion: Mir-155 is differentially expressed in allergic T-cells exposed to DM extract compared to in non-allergic cells and it is inhibited by glucocorticoids. MiR-155 may play a role in mediating allergic inflammation in T-cells and could be an anti-inflammatory target of steroids. This pathway may be de-regulated in severe asthma.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Induction therapy downregulates the expression of Th17/Tfh cytokines in patients with active lupus nephritis

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    机译 诱导疗法下调活动性狼疮性肾炎患者Th17 / Tfh细胞因子的表达
    摘要：To determine the potential changes of IL-6, IL-17A and IL-21 levels during induction therapy, and to assess their relationship with disease activity and immunologic features on patients with active lupus nephritis, twenty-eight patients treated with corticosteroid and immunosuppressants were included in this study. Demographic, clinical, serological data and disease activity were assessed. Blood samples were collected at week 0, 12 and 24, and serum concentrations of IL-17A, IL-6 and IL-21 were measured by cytometric bead array. The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-17A and IL-21 (P<0.001, P<0.01, P=0.001, respectively) decreased progressively during induction therapy. Concentration of IL-6, IL-17A and IL-21 was higher in non-remission group than that in remission group. A positive correlation was established between the concentration of these cytokines and the severity of proteinuria (P<0.001, P=0.020, P=0.045, respectively), ESR (P<0.001), SLEDAI scores (P<0.05), and ANA titers (P=0.018, P=0.048, P<0.05, respectively). Additionally, ROC curve analysis for IL-6, IL-17A and IL-21 was performed to predict the disease activity. The optimal cutoff level was 5.78 pg/ml, 1.98 pg/ml and 8.59 pg/ml, with AUC=0.809, 0.735 and 0.786. The concentration of IL-6 and IL-21 may be regarded as an indicator for the remission of active lupus nephritis, with cutoff value of 9.12 pg/ml and 11.30 pg/ml, while AUC=0.930 and 0.896. The production of serum IL-6, IL-17A and IL-21 in active LN was dramatically declined during induction therapy, which may improve disease activity while delay disease progression of LN.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Melanocortin-4 receptor in subthalamic nucleus is involved in the modulation of nociception

    包量

    机译 丘脑下核中的Melanocortin-4受体参与伤害感受的调节
    摘要：Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) stimulation produces significant improvement of overall pain related to Parkinson disease; however, the mechanisms underlying analgesic effects of STN-DBS are still unknown. This report describes direct neuroanatomical evidence for the central melanocortinergic-opioidergic circuits in the STN. We investigated melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and mu-opioid receptor (MOR)-positive expression of the STN in MC4R-GFP transgenic mice using fluorescence immunohistochemical detection. Immunohistochemistry showed a large number of MC4R-GFP- and MOR-positive neurons within the STN region, and approximately 50% of MC4R-GFP-positive neurons coexpressed MOR. The results of this study showed direct neuroanatomical evidence for the central melanocortinergic-opioidergic signaling in the STN region. These findings contribute to the view of melanocortinergic-opioidergic circuits in the subthalamic nucleus as a reliable source of modulating of nociception with therapeutic potential for alleviating pain.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Reg3β from cardiomyocytes regulated macrophage migration, proliferation and functional skewing in experimental autoimmune myocarditis

    包量

    机译 心肌细胞中的Reg3β调节实验性自身免疫性心肌炎中巨噬细胞的迁移，增殖和功能性偏斜
    摘要：Macrophages play critical roles in inflammatory initiation, development, resolution and cardiac regeneration of myocarditis. However, Reg3β, as a member of regenerating family of proteins, contributes to dedifferentiation of injury cardiomyocytes as well as cardiac function remodeling. It remains unclear whether Reg3β was associated with macrophages reprogramming during autoimmune myocarditis. Our results showed that Reg3β could effectively recruit macrophages, promoted their proliferation and phagocytosis, and facilitated their polarized into M2 macrophages. Macrophage, especially M1 phenotype contributed to Reg3β production by cardiomyocytes. Our data also indicated that Reg3β was involved in self-protection mechanism following cardiac injury or stress. This suggests that Reg3β might be a critically protective factor of myocardium.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Neuroanatomical autonomic substrates of brainstem-gut circuitry identified using transsynaptic tract-tracing with pseudorabies virus recombinants

    包量

    机译 使用伪狂犬病病毒重组体的经突触道追踪鉴定脑干-肠道电路的神经解剖自主神经基质
    摘要：To investigate autonomic substrates of brainstem-gut circuitry identified using trans-synaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus (PRV)-152, a strain that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein, and PRV-614, a strain that expresses enhanced red fluorescent protein, injecting into the rat rectum wall. 3-7 days after PRV-152 injection, spinal cord and brainstem were removed and sectioned, and processed for PRV-152 visualization using immunofluorescence labeling against PRV-152. 6 days after PRV-614 injection, brainstem was sectioned and the neurochemical phenotype of PRV-614-positive neurons was identified using double immunocytochemical labeling against PRV-614 and TPH. We observed that the largest number of PRV-152- or PRV-614-positive neurons was located in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi), lateral paragigantocellular (LPGi), rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), solitary tract nucleus (Sol), locus coeruleus (LC), raphe magnus nucleus (RMg), subcoeruleus nucleus (SubCD). Double-labeled PRV-614/tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) neurons were concentrated in the RMg, LPGi and Sol. These brainstem neurons are candidates for relaying autonomic command signals to the gut. The autonomic substrate of brainstem-gut circuitry likely plays an important role in mediating different aspects of stress behaviors.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Association of HSP90B1 genetic polymorphisms with efficacy of glucocorticoids and improvement of HRQoL in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from Anhui Province

    包量

    机译 安徽省系统性红斑狼疮患者HSP90B1基因多态性与糖皮质激素疗效及HRQoL的关系
    摘要：Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between HSP90B1 gene polymorphisms and the efficacy of glucocorticoids (GCs) and the improvement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Anhui patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Method: A total of 305 patients with SLE were recruited to the study. These patients were treated with GCs for 12 weeks and classified into two groups (sensitivity and insensitivity) according to the response to GCs measured by the scores on SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). The HRQoL of SLE patients were evaluated by 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) at baseline and 12 weeks respectively. HapMap database and Haploview software were used to select HSP90B1 gene tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Benjamini & Hochberg (BH) method based on false discovery rate (FDR) was used for multiple testing correction. Results: A total of 291 patients were included in final data analysis with 14 patients excluded due to loss to follow-up. Among these patients, 160 patients were sensitive to GCs and 131 patients were insensitive to GCs. Twelve tag SNPs of HSP90B1 gene were selected. The rs12426382 polymorphism was associated with the efficacy of GCs (dominant model: crude OR=0.514, 95% CI=0.321-0.824, P=0.006; adjusted OR=0.513, 95% CI=0.317-0.831, P=0.007). After BH correction, there was no association between rs12426382 polymorphism and efficacy of GCs (PBH=0.084). In haplotype analysis, the haplotype CCCGAACATCCC (OR=2.273, 95% CI=1.248-4.139, P=0.006) and CTGGGACGTTC (OR=0.436, 95% CI=0.208-0.916, P=0.025) showed significant associations with the efficacy of GCs. After corrected by BH method, CCCGAACATCCC was still associated with the efficacy of GCs (PBH=0.048). The rs3794241, rs1165681, rs2722188, rs3794240 and rs10861147 polymorphisms were associated with the improvement of HRQoL among SLE patients (P < 0.05). But no association existed after the correction of BH method (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that HSP90B1 genetic polymorphisms might be associated with the efficacy of GCs, but not associated with the improvement of HRQoL in Anhui population with SLE.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Highlights of the international symposium of clinical immunology 2017

    包量

    机译 2017年国际临床免疫学研讨会的重点
    摘要：
  • 19.

    【2hr】The guiding role of bone metabolism test in osteoporosis treatment

    包量

    机译 骨代谢测试在骨质疏松症治疗中的指导作用
    摘要：Osteoporosis (OP) and osteoporotic fractures are becoming a serious health care issue in the world. Calcium and vitamin D are the basic treatment for osteoporosis. Nonetheless, they do not effectively reduce the incidences of fracture. Currently approved treatments for osteoporosis include selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, calcitonin and others. However, the appearance of some adverse effects including atypical fracture and breast cancer has limited long-term treatments above mentioned. Therefore, treatment decision should be made on an individual basis, taking into account the relative benefits and risks in different patients. Bone metabolism test helps to assess the patient’s condition, which may ultimately lead to therapeutic options and better clinical outcomes.
  • 20.

    【2hr】The effect of icariin on immunity and its potential application

    包量

    机译 二十碳素对免疫力的影响及其潜在应用
    • 作者：Rong ShenJu-Hua Wang
    • 刊名：American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology
    • 2018年第3期
    摘要：Icariin (ICA) is a major bioactive monomer belonging to flavonoid glycosides attracted from Epimedium, being a classic tonic agent in traditional Chinese medicine. ICA commonly presents multiple effects such as regulating sex hormones, relieving atherosclerosis and antioxidant activity, etc. Recently, more and more studies have demonstrated the application of ICA in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus due to its anti-inflammatory. Additionally, ICA also has the anti-tumor activities. Multiple targets and mechanisms of ICA are reported which relates to regulate lymphocytes balance, anti-inflammatory/inflammatory cytokines, signal pathways like NF-kappaβ and Erk-p38-JNK, lymphocyte transcription factors and other targets such as TLRs, STAT and PTEN, etc. In this review, we have updated the advance in this field and these studies have suggested that ICA has a potential to treat immunological and inflammatory diseases.
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