Artificial intelligence(AI)is an umbrella term used to describe a cluster of interrelated fields.Machine learning(ML)refers to a model that learns from past data to predict future data.Medicine and particularly gastroenterology and hepatology,are data-rich fields with extensive data repositories,and therefore fruitful ground for AI/ML-based software applications.In this study,we comprehensively review the current applications of AI/ML-based models in these fields and the opportunities that arise from their application.Specifically,we refer to the applications of AI/ML-based models in prevention,diagnosis,management,and prognosis of gastrointestinal bleeding,inflammatory bowel diseases,gastrointestinal premalignant and malignant lesions,other nonmalignant gastrointestinal lesions and diseases,hepatitis B and C infection,chronic liver diseases,hepatocellular carcinoma,cholangiocarcinoma,and primary sclerosing cholangitis.At the same time,we identify the major challenges that restrain the widespread use of these models in healthcare in an effort to explore ways to overcome them.Notably,we elaborate on the concerns regarding intrinsic biases,data protection,cybersecurity,intellectual property,liability,ethical challenges,and transparency.Even at a slower pace than anticipated,AI is infiltrating the healthcare industry.AI in healthcare will become a reality,and every physician will have to engage with it by necessity.
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