胜利油田勘探开发安全风险评估和应对管理研究

摘要

油气田勘探开发是一项复杂的系统工程,由地震勘探、钻井、试油、采油(气)、井下作业、油气集输与初步加工处理、储运和工程建设等环节组成.每一生产环节.因所使用物品、所采取工艺条件和所生产产品的不同,其危险分布及危险性亦有所区别.本文以分析油气集输风险为例,识别主要风险有火灾、爆炸,触电伤害、机械伤害、物体打击、中毒窒息等.同时由于油田的石油系统工程分布在相当大的范围内,线面结构,相连成网,发生的灾害和次灾害,有突发性、广泛性、连锁性和严重性的特点.通过对胜利油田安全生产现状及勘探开发项目生产过程危险因素进行分析,确定勘探开发项目建设过程中各环节的风险程度,研究出适合油田勘探开发项目安全风险管理模式,为建设项目建设、管理单位提供合理、可行的安全建议对策措施,同时可为油田主管部门实施监管和决策提供技术支持.最大程度上降低安全隐患,减少可能的事故损失.%Oilfield exploration and development is very complicate and systematical, consisting of exploration for earthquake, drilling, oil test, production of oil (gas), downhole operation, collection and transferring of oil and gas, preliminary processing and treatment, storage and transportation, and engineering construction etc. For each production process, the hazard distribution and risk varies with the different articles used, technological conditions adopted, and products produced. This paper takes analysis on potential risks from collection and transferring of oil and gas as an example, main risks recognized include fire, explosion, electric shock injury, mechanical injury, object pounding, poisoning, and suffocation etc. Meanwhile, disasters and secondary disasters may accidentally, widely and seriously occur in chained way due to wide distribution of petroleum system works in an oilfield with line-surface structures in a networking way. Degree of risk is determined for each production process during construction of exploration and development project on basis of analysis on safety production status quo in Shengli Oilfield and dangerous factors during exploration and development project and safety risk management mode suitable for exploration and development project in an oilfield is researched to provide for construction and management organizations of construction project with reasonable and feasible suggestions and countermeasures of safety. Meanwhile, it may provide for oilfield administration and authority with technical support for implementation of supervision and decision-making to minimum potential risks related to safety and reduce damage due to possible accidents.