'火星科学实验室'的EDL试验验证技术及启示

摘要

The entry,descent and landing(EDL)verification and validation(V&V)system of the Mars Science Laboratory(MSL)which is the most advanced spacecraft on Mars is introduced. This system is based on simulation,and test data obtained during Viking's period,including EDL flight dynamics,EDL flight system and EDL subsystem.For the V&V of Mars EDL technology, the basis of Chinese EDL test technology is analyzed.The result shows that although the basis of V&V on aerodynamic deceleration,parachute deceleration,power descent and landing are relatively good,also there are some difficulties,including how to test the parachute inflation process,test the massive events in EDL sequence and simulate the coupling environment in heat-shield or backshell separation process.Finally,in order to solve the difficulties mentioned above and give some directive guidance to the first Mars soft landing mission of China,the EDL V&V system which is suitable for China is advanced,also test schemes are proposed.%介绍了美国"火星科学实验室"(Mars Science Laboratory,MSL)的进入、下降与着陆(Entry,Descent and Landing,EDL)技术验证体系.该体系可分为 EDL飞行动力学、EDL 飞行系统和EDL子系统3部分,主要基于仿真建立,同时利用海盗号(Viking)探测器时期的试验数据.针对火星EDL技术的验证,分析了我国已掌握的EDL地面试验技术.通过对比结果表明,我国虽然在气动减速、伞减速、动力下降和着陆技术的试验验证均有良好的技术基础,但仍面临有伞充气过程环境恶劣且复杂、减速下降动作多、大底和背罩分离过程内外环境耦合等新问题.最后针对现有技术所面临的关键问题,梳理出适合我国发展的火星 EDL 验证体系,并提出了解决关键问题的试验验证方案,可为我国火星着陆任务EDL试验验证工作提供参考.