基于养分专家系统的小麦-玉米推荐施肥效应研究

摘要

【目的】探求冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系科学施肥技术。【方法】采用田间试验研究了小麦、玉米养分专家系统和国际农化服务中心（Agro Services International Inc，ASI）法推荐施肥对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期产量、经济效益、养分积累量、肥料利用效率及周年磷钾素平衡的影响。【结果】施肥显著增加冬小麦、夏玉米产量，新郑市航空港区和鹤壁轮作周年分别增产24.75%—65.26%和8.18%—35.53%，施氮分别增产31.14%和24.40%、施磷增产11.62%和9.42%、施钾增产11.52%和8.64%，施氮、磷和钾肥平均增收9369、4095和3923元/hm2。养分专家系统推荐施肥较习惯施肥，植株氮、磷和钾积累量分别增加了7.87%、12.72%和4.79%，分别增产6.63%和4.63%，增收18.27%和20.48%，产投比为4.01，与ASI推荐施肥效果相当。基于养分专家系统推荐施肥的周年氮、磷和钾肥平均农学效率分别为10.99、10.67和10.69 kg·kg-1，氮、磷和钾肥当季利用率分别为35.82%、22.30%和45.33%。冬小麦、夏玉米秸秆全量还田下，推荐磷钾肥量可实现周年磷钾素分别盈余49.6和71.5 kg·hm-2。【结论】小麦（玉米）养分专家系统推荐施肥优化了氮磷钾肥配比，促进了冬小麦和夏玉米对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用，在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中较习惯施肥具有增产增收效果，肥料利用效率较高，实现了周年磷钾素养分盈余，方便快捷，可在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区推广应用。%[Objective]The aim of the experiment is to study the scientific fertilization technology of a winter wheat and summer maize rotation system.[Method]This field experiment was conducted to study the effect of nutrient expert for wheat and hybrid maize, and Agro Services International Inc (ASI) recommended fertilization on grain yield, economic benefit, nutrient accumulation, fertilizer use efficiency, anniversary balance of phosphorus and potassium of winter wheat and summer maize in Gangqu and Hebi.[Result]The results showed that yield was significantly increased by 24.75%-65.26% and 8.18%-35.53% respectively with the treatment of applying fertilizer in two years, nitrogen fertilizer increased the yield by 31.14% and 24.40%, phosphate fertilizer was 11.62% and 9.42%, potassium fertilizer was 11.52% and 8.64%,and the average income increased were 9 369, 4 095 and 3 923 yuan/hm2 respectively. Compared with a conventional fertilizer application, the nutrient expert recommended fertilization increased grain yield by 6.63% and 4.63%, and economic benefit by 18.27% and 20.48%, the accumulation of plant N, P and K was increased by 7.87%, 12.72% and 4.79%, the ratio of output to input was 4.01, the effect was the same as the ASI recommended fertilization. Based on the nutrient expert recommend fertilization, the agronomic efficiency of N, P2O5, and K2O was 10.99, 10.67 and 10.69 kg·kg-1, and fertilizer use efficiency was 35.82%, 22.30% and 45.33% respectively in anniversary rotation cycles, the phosphorus and potassium was increased by 49.6 and 71.5 kg·hm-2 respectively with returning whole straw of winter wheat and summer maize into the soil.[Conclusion]Fertilizer application recommended by the nutrient expert for wheat and hybrid maize optimized the ratio of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer, promoted the absorption and utilization of plant N, P, K in winter wheat and summer maize, increased yield, economic benefit and fertilizer use efficiency, kept the anniversary surplus of phosphorus and potassium in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. In conclusion, the nutrient expert for wheat and hybrid maize are convenient and fast, and can be used to recommend fertilizer application in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system.