湖泊有毒有害化学品调查刍议

摘要

In order to understand the production and environmental occurrence of toxic chemicals (TCs) in the lake basin of China,the pollution status and research limitations of TCs in the lake basin of the high yield regions were systemically analyzed based on the literature,and the necessity and implementation strategy of TC investigation and management in the lake basin were put forward.In consideration of the grim situation of TC pollution in China's lake watershed,it is urgent to carry out surveys on pollution level of TCs as theoretic bases for pollution prevention,control and management.However,the detailed statistical data of the production,usage and discharge of TCs around the lake watershed are absent.The mode of occurrence and pollution sources are not clear.The unified technical norms on the survey of TCs are also absent.In the aspect of research and management on TCs of typical lake region,there is a big gap and deficiency between China and developed countries.Accordingly,it is necessary to carry out surveys and management on pollution level of TCs in the lake watershed.For the research and management on TCs of lake regions in China,areas where the density of chemical production enterprises is larger should be given priority for carrying out synchronous surveys of TCs in the lake and watershed.Hence,the thirty typical lakes and reservoirs (e.g.,Taihu Lake,Dongting Lake,Three Gorges Reservoir,Danjiangkou Reservoir) of nineteen provincial administrative regions were selected to carry on the investigation of TCs on the production,usage and discharge of TCs around the lake watershed based on the present situation of production,usage and discharge of TCs in the administrative areas,and the occurrence and the ecological effects in lacustrine aquatic environment.For the survey part,a three-level survey manner (census,detailed survey and verification) was used.In order to fully understand pollution level of TCs in the lakes,the multimedia (water,sediment and aquatic life) should be surveyed.At the same time,the pollution sources should be tracked and the priority list of TCs should be established.It is very critical for China to grasp the types,occurrence and content of TCs and provide an important basis for the prevention and control of chemicals.%为掌握我国湖泊流域TCs(toxic chemicals,有毒化学品)的生产与环境赋存状况,以化学品高产量湖区为研究对象,采用文献调研法对我国湖泊流域有毒化学品的污染现状等进行总结,提出我国典型湖泊化学品和水环境调查和研究思路.研究表明:我国湖泊流域有毒化学品污染形势严峻,亟需全面开展湖泊TCs的污染调查工作,以期为加强污染控制、治理和管理提供依据.目前我国对于湖泊流域TCs的生产、使用和排放没有详细的统计数据,湖泊化学品多介质赋存情况不清、来源不明,并且缺少对TCs调查的统一技术规范.我国与发达国家在典型湖泊流域TCs研究与管理方面差距较大,而我国应优先从化学品生产企业主要分布区同步开展湖白和流域的TCs调查,建议基于现有行政区开展化学品的生产、使用和排放情况调查,即选择我国中东部19个省级行政区的30个典型湖泊水库(太湖、洞庭湖、三峡水库、丹江口水库等)开展TCs的生产、使用和排放以及环境赋存、生态效应的调查与研究,其中调查部分采用三级调查方式(普查、详查和核查),湖内TCs调查采用多介质(水、沉积物和水生生物)调查方式,同时进行溯源并提出优控清单,将有助于我国对湖泊中TCs的种类、赋存形态和浓度水平的总体把握,为科学有效地管理湖泊及其TCs提供重要基础.