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生态学研究(英文)

生态学研究(英文)

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  • 摘要：This study was conducted in Cheleleka Wetland,Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia to assess Species diversity and threats of aviafuana from August to February 2019.Data were analysed by using Simpson’s and Shannon-Weiner Index in analysing biodiversity indices.One way ANOVA was applied for analysis of the effect of season on the composition and abundance of species.Questionnaire surveys,key informant interviews and focus group discussion were also used to determine the threats of avifauna in the study area.The result indicated that 49 avian species record under 21 families and 10 orders during both the wet and dry seasons.The Shannon-Weiner diversity index shown that highest bird species diversity(H’=3.42)was recorded during wet season.Over grazing,agricultural expansion,settlement and sand extraction were the major avifaunal threats in the wetland.The result suggests that the need to conserve the avifauna through the conservation of their habitats by creating awareness to the local people and it will enable to decrease biodiversity threats.
  • 摘要：This document provides some guidelines to authors for submission in order to work towards a seamless submission process.While complete adherence to the following guidelines is not enforced,authors should note that following through with the guidelines will be helpful in expediting the copyediting and proofreading processes,and allow for improved readability during the review process.
  • 摘要：The Gaza Strip(365 km^(2))of Palestine(27,000 km^(2))is home to a wealth of terrestrial vertebrate fauna.Some of these faunistic species find their ways to preservation at the local universities.Hence,the current study comes to document the Palestinian terrestrial vertebrate fauna acquired by the biology exhibitions(BEs)of Al-Azhar University,Islamic University of Gaza and Al-Aqsa University that are located at the Gaza City of the Gaza Strip.The amphibians,reptiles,birds and mammals preserved at BEs of the universities in question were surveyed and scientifically classified during a three-month period extending from January to March,2012.The study showed that all BEs of local universities are underdeveloped,lacking attention and suffer from specimen scarcity and good preservation.The BE at Al-Azhar University is the best in the arrangement and preservation of bird specimens.A total number of 200 specimens belonging to 54 terrestrial vertebrate fauna species,39 families and 17 orders was recorded at BEs.Reptiles constituted 40.7%of the total species recorded,followed by birds(38.9%),mammals(14.8%)and amphibians(5.6%).The Islamic University of Gaza was considered the best in terms of the number of preserved species(39.8%),followed by Al-Azhar University(36.3%)and Al-Aqsa University(23.9%).The Common Toad(Bufo viridis)was the most preserved among the amphibian species recorded.Squamata was the biggest reptilian order,comprising 20 species(8 lizards and 12 snakes),with the Syrian Black Snake(Coluber jugularis asianus)was the commonest.The Palestine Viper(Vipera palaestinae)is endemic to Palestine and most venomous and dangerous to human health.The Great White Pelican(Pelecanus onocrotalus)was the largest Palestinian bird preserved at BE of Al-Azhar University.The Egyptian Mongoose(Herpestes ichneumon)and the Common Badger(Meles meles)were the biggest mammalian specimens preserved,while the Palestine Mole-rat(Spalax leucodon ehrenbergi)was the only Palestine endemic species encountered among the preserved mammals.Finally,the improvement of BEs of local universities and the construction of a Central Museum of Natural History is highly recommended in order to change the Palestinians’attitudes toward a sustainable ecological conservation in the Gaza Strip.
  • 摘要：positively or negatively depending on the condition.Vegetation has influence on the soil physico-chemical characteristics.Land use land cover changes are the main factors in the process of land resource degradation.The objectives of this study were to define the soil texture,bulk density and extent of organic carbon in church forests and adjacent croplands and to compare the values.Transect lines of 100 meter apart and plots of 20 m×20 m were established to collect soil samples in the church forests and individual farm plots.The distance between plots was 100 m.Horizon based soil sampling was undertaken.Soil samples were collected on a diagonal position from 2 edges and the center from 2 soil horizons(H1 and H2)for soil texture and soil organic carbon(SOC)analysis.For bulk density(BD)soil core samplers were used.The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA in SPSS v20.Mean separation was undertaken by least significance difference.The results revealed the%clay content was significantly higher in croplands than church forests and the%sand was higher in church forests than croplands at(p<0.05).The SOC was significantly higher in H1 than H2 and in church forests than croplands at(p<0.05).The better soil characteristics were obtained in church forests than in croplands.Hence,it is recommended to conserve the natural forests as in the church forests to maintain better property of the soil through enhancing soil organic matter,soil organic carbon and by decreasing soil bulk density.
  • 摘要：Currently there is an urgent and special attention in actions to restore tropical forests.In this study,we evaluated the effect of different restoration methods on aboveground biomass(AGB)stock,tree community diversity and structure,in areas affected by the Fundão tailings dam collapse in Mariana,Minas Gerais state,Brazil.We measured and compiled data of the AGB,community diversity and structure attributes in 36 plots distributed in six restoration treatments and six replicas:planting of native tree seedlings with fertilization and pH correction(PSf)and without fertilization and pH correction(PS);seeding of native trees with fertilization and pH correction(SDf)and without fertilization and pH correction(SD);natural regeneration with fertilization and pH correction(NRf)and without fertilization and pH correction(NR).No significant differences in substrate properties and AGB between treatments.Although biomass storage between treatments was not statistically different,there is a clear pattern showing higher values active restoration method.The Pielou index ranged from 0.520(SDf)to 0.943(NR),except for SDf all the others treatments had values higher than 0.76.This result suggests floristic heterogeneity,without ecological dominance in the plant community.Overall,active restoration had important implications for the forest restoration where natural regeneration is limited.
  • 摘要：The shrub-tree floristic composition of the natural regeneration stratum of a bauxite mine in the process of restoration and in a reference ecosystem(remnant of a preserved secondary Seasonal Semi-Deciduous Forest)were analysed to evaluate forest restoration conditions after five years of planting.The influence of canopy openness,accumulated leaf litter and soil attributes in the regeneration stratum were also investigated in both the forests.The floristic composition of the regeneration stratum in the forest under restoration(16 species and 5,083 individuals ha-1)and in the reference ecosystem(58 species and 26,250 individuals ha-1)are distinct due to the difference in the environmental variables.Results showed that the reference ecosystem favours the presence of species that tolerate environments with greater shading and higher aluminium and organic matter content in the soil like Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq.,while the forest under restoration favours the presence of species adapted to fertile soils and those that tolerate greater luminosity like Vernonanthura phosphorica(Vell.)H.Rob.
  • 摘要：The objective of this study was to compare the soil seed bank in an area under natural regeneration(F1)and another reforested through seedling planting(F2),seven years after bauxite mining,in Southeast,Brazil.In each area,10 sampling points were randomly distributed,using three samples of topsoil to represent each point.The samples were transported to a shade house and evaluated for six months,where emerging individuals were identified every two weeks.Floristic similarity was evaluated with cluster analysis based on the Jaccard index(SJ).Species richness and abundance of individuals were compared using Student''s t test.In F1,2,114.94 propagules m-2 were registered,belonging to 51 species and 24 botanical families,Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’=2.770 and Pielou evenness index J’=0.705.In F2,1,168.62 propagules m-2 were registered,belonging to 42 species and 22 families,H’=2.618 and J’=0.700.The(SJ)between F1 and F2 was 0.61,indicating a high similarity.The results showed high density of propagules,good diversity and absence of ecological dominance.The high number of individuals and diversity of tree species with zoochoric dispersion found in the areas indicates that both natural regeneration and reforestation were efficient in the ecological restoration of bauxite mined areas.
  • 摘要：Legume green manure is extensively planted to improve soil fertility in crop field.However,the application of legume in Eucalyptus plantation is still limited and depends on site specific and species.Therefore,the objective of this study was to determine the effects of green manure interplantation on soil fertility and plant growth of Eucalyptus plantation in a short term.A field experiment of one year was established to investigate the green manure growth,forest soil nutrients and Eucalyptus plant growth inter-planted with two legume species(Tephrosia candida,TC and Sesbania cannabina,SC)at south subtropical China.Legumes were inter-planted in linear among the tree space of Eucalyptus stand.Result showed that the green manure inter-plantation increased soil organic matter by 9.66%of TC and 18.44%of SC.Soil available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were improved significantly by the legume treatments as well.The increment of height and diameter at breast height of Eucalyptus during the experiment was significant in legume treatments.Thus,the timber volume increment was improved significantly by 46.81%of TC and 35.47%of SC compared with the control treatment.Therefore,the inter-plantation of legume green manure under the Eucalyptus plantation is effective to improve soil fertility and tree growth.Such a measure is potential and referenced for the sustainable forest management.
  • 摘要：Food insecurity in most dry regions in Zimbabwe has taught many people a lesson of using non timber forest products(NTFPs)to reduce food insecurity and improve livelihoods as well as poverty alleviation.The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential contribution of non-timber forest products to smallholder farmers in arid and semi-arid regions.The research was carried out as a survey and data was collected using interviews,questionnaires and focus group discussion.Data was analysed for descriptive statistics using IBM SPSS version 25.Results indicated that 64%were females and 36%were males with the majority of participants being married(57.6%)with only 8.8%being widowed.Results show that all respondents(100%)indicated that they obtain fruits from the forests as a major source of food during winter and rain season.Vegetables(84.2%),thatching grass(80.8%)and edible worms(62.5%)were also major non-timber forest products obtained from the forests by participants.All participants(100%)indicated that income generation,firewood and source of heat for brick moulding were major benefits they obtain from forest with vegetables(74.2%),brooms(91.7%)and improved nutrition(85.0%)being regarded as other important benefits enjoyed by local people from forests.Afforestation and reforestation were regarded as major sustainable forest management practices by all(100%)participants with agroforestry being indicated by only 12.5%since people had no knowledge about it.NTFPs has capacity of improving food security,human livelihoods and alleviate poverty.People are encouraged to harvest NTFPs sustainably to allow future use.Use of agroforestry can be a best way for managing forests sustainably,improve food security,crop yield,poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation.
  • 摘要：The population of Turkey has increased rapidly in parallel with the risein technology and industrialization. The increasing population of thecountry has triggered urbanization, and environmental problems havedrawn attention. One of the issues resulting from urbanization is municipalsolid waste (MSW). Every object we use in our daily life is transformedinto solid waste when its economic life has ended. The processes fromthe storage of these wastes to their disposal, often referred to as MSWmanagement, come under the municipalities'' authority and responsibility.MSW must be processed with the most negligible environmental impact.This study aimed to investigate MSW management systems in Turkey,including the quantity, composition, and disposal methods of MSWgenerated and populations served by MSW, MSW per capita per day.Results from the study showed that the mean MSW generated in Turkeywas 26.74 Mton/yr and increased in the following order by region;EasternAnatolia < South East Anatolia < Black Sea < Mediterranean < Aegean< Central Anatolia < Marmara. This order/ranking was in line with theregions'' population. The population explained 84 to 95% of the variation inMSW. Results from the study could be used in MSW management.
  • 摘要：The study area is one of the areas in the South-South region of Nigeria that has been ravaged by erosion.This has led to loss of infrastructures and impact on the livelihood of the inhabitants of the study area.In this study,the physio-chemical of soil in Agbor and its neighboring communities were assessed in eleven different locations.A total of eleven soil samples,consisting of 5 samples each at a depth of 0–200 cm were taken in accordance with the clarification of different horizons.The samples were air-dried,crushed and sieved in 2mm mesh sieve then subjected to analysis for both physical and chemical properties in the laboratory.The physiochemical analysis results showed that pH value ranges from 5.0 to 6.3 indicating very strongly acidic to strongly acidic.Bulk density ranged from 1.29 to1.35 indicating a slight increase due to the presence of sand fraction.And low level of porosity which ranged from 49.4 to 50.9.The low level obtained from Total Organic Matter(TOM)indicates intense rainfall and constant leaching.The low Ca,Mg,K+and Na+values indicate intense rainfall and leaching problems.The values obtained from Al3+,H+,EA and P revealed a slight increase and cause of acidity nature across eleven soil test sites.The properties showed by all soils revealed that they are vulnerable to weathering,leaching,easy removal by runoff and low resistivity.
  • 摘要：The present investigation is conducted to study the year wise (2011to 2018) changes of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) cover atSantragachi Lake a Wetland under National Wetland ConservationProgramme of India. Further the relationship between water hyacinthcover and the most abundant migratory waterbirds of Satragachi, LesserWhistling Teal (LWT;Dendrocygna javanica) is assessed because this birdspecies is prefer depending on water hyacinth mat for their roosting. Thestudy comprises of eight satellite images procured from Google earth (2011to 2018) to explore this relationship. A marked decline in the number ofLWT at Santragachi wetland is observed in the year of 2017 and 2018. Itis very interesting fact that from 2017-2018, the water hyacinth mat of thiswetland is almost cleared before winter and the result of cluster analysissupports this fact. Significant positive correlation is also observed withinLWT number and water hyacinth cover area (r = 0.7481 at p< 0.05) alongwith the total perimeter (r = 0.8648 at p< 0.05) of the water hyacinthislands at Santragachi wetland. However, open water area is also neededfor diving, swimming, food searching for the LWT and other waterbirds.Therefore, more study is needed to optimize the clearing operations,focused on optimizing the shape and size of water hyacinth islands forproper management of the waterbirds habitat.
  • 摘要：Different sets of dry spell length such as complete series, monthlymaximum, seasonal maximum, and annual maximum are applied andmodeled with different probability distribution functions (such as GumbelMax, generalized extreme value, Log-Logistic, generalized logistic, inverseGaussian, Log-Pearson 3, generalized Pareto) to recognize in whichduration, dry spells cause drought. The drought situation and temporalanalysis in the North of Iraq region were done using the SPI index andby software of DrinC at a time scale of 3.6 and 12 months. Because ofapplicability, availability of data and the aim of the study, SPI is selectedto analyze the dry spells in this study. Based on the maximum length ofthe available statistical period, the statistics for the years 1980 to 2019were used from nine meteorological stations for analysis. The results of thestudy showed the severity of drought during the study period which relatedto dry spells. The results of this research confirm the variation of droughtoccurrence with varying degrees in different time and different dry spellscondition in Iraq.
  • 摘要：This paper reviews the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of clays found in southern part of Nigeria,with a view to determine its usability.The usability of clays,depends on its chemical and mineralogical charac­tertics,the end product of clay after it is been processed is also based on it’s charactertics.From reviewed literature,it was observed that sampled clay within the study area were analyzed using the XRD,XRF and ICP-MS method.Further findings also revealed that the dominant clay minerals within the study area include montmorillonite,illite,and kaolinite.On the other hand,it was observed that non-clay minerals such as feldspar,quartz,dickite and many others were found with clay as revealed by several schol­ars.While chemical charactertics of clay consists mainly of Al2O3,K2O,CaO and SiO2,with other major oxides such as P2O5,MgO,Fe2O3,TiO2,MnO and Na2O.Some trace elements such Be,Ba,Sc,Sr,Zr,V and Y were reported to be present in clays deposit found in selected part of Ogun state.From reviewed articles,it was observed that mineralogical and chemical charactertics of clay make it suitable for pharmaceutical,textile,cosmetic and polymer industries,but considered to be fairly suitable for oil and gas industry.
  • 摘要：Guizhou golden monkey(Rhinopithecus brelichi)was a unique,endangered and endemic primate species in Guizhou Province.It was an isolated population caused by habitat loss and fragmentation due to the human disturbance in the recently 30 years in China,only distributed in Fanjingshan National Natural Reserve,Guizhou Province.To know the background with demonic population structure,we sequenced 867 bp of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop from 312 fresh fecal samples,results showed there 11 haplotypes among these samples,h was 0.517,πwas 0.00413.It indicated that this species had the lowest genetic diversity among four golden monkeys in China and need strengthen the conversation concern for this species immediately.
  • 摘要：The effects of different nitrogen application levels on rice yield and greenhouse gas(NO2,CH4)emissions from rice fields under the combined action of straw and milk vetch.Two treatments were set up in the main area of this experiment:R0(no straw returned to the field,0);R1(amount of straw returned to the field under normal conditions,6000 kg·hm^(-2)).Before turning the straw back into the field,use a circular knife to cut the straw into 10~13 cm.And 3 kinds of nitrogen application treatments in the sub-district:N1(no nitrogen application,0),N2(nitrogen application,15 kg·hm^(-2)),N_(3)(nitrogen application,30 kg·hm^(-2)),two-factor cross-combination,and a non-nitrogen control CK,total of 7 treatments.The results showed that in 2017,early rice R1N2 treatment increased the most obvious yield,which was 32.44%higher than CK,and late rice R_(1)N_(1)treatment increased the most significantly,which was 17.91%higher than CK.CH_(4)emission is positively correlated with the straw returned to the field.N_(2)O is the opposite.The N_(2)O emission flux was highest in the treatment of R1N3,and the CH_(4)emission flux was the highest in the treatment of R1N2.
  • 摘要：In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growth of these seedlings.In particular,the effects of these fungi on the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings were investigated.Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum E15 and Suillus luteus N94 significantly(P<0.05)promoted the growth of the Pinus sylvestris seedlings.The non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)results indicated a significant difference(P<0.05)between the fungal community structures in the rhizosphere soil of the annual and biennial seedlings.In the rhizosphere soil of annual seedlings,the main fungi were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Zygomycota.Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,and p-unclassified-k-Fungi were the main fungi in the rhizosphere soil of biennial seedlings.The dominant genus in the rhizosphere soil and a key factor promoting the growth of the annual and the biennial seedlings was Trichoderma,Suillus,respectively.Both of them were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of microbial flora in the symbiotic environment.Trichoderma had a significant promoting effect on the conversion of total phosphorus,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and the organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,while Suillus significantly promoted the conversion of organic matter and total phosphorus.
  • 摘要：Pigments play an essential role in imparting colors to the various organs of invertebrates particularly,insects.Genetic evolution and adaptive pigmen­tation of invertebrates have been studied which depicted that insect colors respond to the climatic changes.The physical,chemical and structural properties of insect pigments are being studied by researchers for years to elucidate their evolutionary aspects of physiology,metabolism,and eco­nomic importance for human welfare.Color development in insects varies within the species of different genera.In this state-of-the-art literature review,we discuss the variety of pigments other than visual ones found in different species of insects.The review also highlights the potential benefits or functions of pigments to insects.
  • 摘要：Agricultural ecosystem is one of the most important ecosystems in the world,which provides multiple ecosystem services such as grain produc­tion,climate regulation,water conservation and biodiversity.The degrada­tion of ecosystem services has become an important factor that severely re­stricts the sustainable development of agriculture.Agroecosystem services have become the core and hot topic of ecological research.In recent years,countries and related institutions have been increasing their research on agricultural ecosystem service.Based on Web of Science(WoS)and China Knowledge Resource Integrated(CNKI)databases,the development char­acteristics and trends of agroecosystem services research were analyzed by bibliometric methods.The results show that:(1)The number of papers on agroecosystem services is increasing,which shows that the research on it is developing.(2)Developed countries are the main research forces in the field of ecosystem services,and the developed countries in Europe and the United States occupy the absolute leading position;China Agricultural Uni­versity and the University of California in the United States are the main research institutions.(3)At present,eight research hotspots in this field are the study of ecosystem services mechanism,protection management and sustainability,sustainable development,biodiversity,land use and land­scape change,value assessment,climate change,sustainable development of agriculture,ecological compensation.From the overall distribution of research hotspots in each period,the international research focuses more on the interdependence between ecosystem services and ecosystem services and human well-being,while the research in China focuses more on eco­system services assessment.(4)In recent years,there is a big gap between China and foreign countries in the field of ecosystem services research.It is necessary to strengthen cooperation with research institutions in developed countries in Europe and the United States,and further improve the research content,research vision and research methods.
  • 摘要：This study was conducted to explain the karyological characteristics of S.xanthoprymnus from Gencali in Turkey.The chromosomes of the specimens were traditionally stained and examined according to standard procedures.The chromosomes were determined according to centromere positions by examining the photographs of metaphase cells.The karyotype of S.xanthoprymnus contained 42 chromosomes(2n=42)and fundamental number of chromosomal arms NF=81 and the number of autosomal arms NFa=78.The karyotype includes four metacentric chromosomes ranging from large to small,three pairs of large and medium-sized submetacentric autosome,twelve ranging from large to medium size subtelocentric,and a pair of acrocentric autosomes.The X chromosome was determined as large subtelocentric and Y chromosome as small acrocentric.Due to there is no karyological information and geographical distribution of existentence cytotypes in Turkey,revelation of chromosomal structure in Anatolian ground squirrel populations will provide properly assessment of taxonomy of those rodents in further studies.
  • 摘要：The effects of chemical agent(Sodium Azide)on Onion growing in organic and inorganic fertile soil was to be examined during this study.The analy­sis work was carried out within the green house of the research laboratory technology of the Oke Ogun Science Laboratory Technology,Saki,Oyo State.Onion seeds were soaked inside different beakers containing the mixture of Sodium Azide and water mixed with 10 ml of Phosphate solu­tion for 4 hours.Also,the control was soaked with normal water and 10 ml of Phosphate buffer solution.The treated seeds of onions was planted in plastic containers containing 4.2 g of weighed humus soil within the green house at the Department of research lab Technology of The Oke Ogun poly­technic school,Saki Oyo State.The samples parameter were taken daily for six consecutive months.The result obtained was additionally subjected to statistical analysis by using DMRT techniques.The results showed that the stem length was ranged from 11.39±0.62 and 9.98±0.52 with sample of onion without sodium Azide and inorganic had the highest stem length values and samples of onion with Sodium Azide and inorganic had very cheap stem length.However,the leave length ranged from 29.63±0.12 and 22.45±0.10 with the Onion samples with inorganic and Organic fertilizers which had the highest leave length and sample of onion without Sodium Azide was very low leave length.The results of this study showed that each one the parameters studied within the plant were low with Sodium Azide treatment.The decrease in plant growth,plant heights,root lengths,and Phaonerogam survival,fruit yield per plant and height at maturity with agent concentration.It is hereof suggested that Sodium Azide(NaN3)was expected to produce mutation in onion that area unit extremely liable to harmful pathogens and making them cheap to be useful for farmers.
  • 摘要：In time of global climate changes,astatic inland water reservoirs that con­tribute to water retention and alleviation of adverse effects of periodic river floods,are getting more and more important.Small,periodically drying off water reservoirs are also rich hubs of biodiversity.Animals especially connected to such ecosystems are primitive but unique crustaceans called tadpole shrimps(order Notostraca).Those animals seem to have universal significance-both ecological and economic.Though their primitive mor­phology and small size,they can radically affect the nature of their habitats,sometimes even helping us fight with noxious pests.Unfortunately,due to progressing global warming,intensification in agriculture,and urbanisation,habitats of notostracans are disappearing rapidly.Simultaneously,because of their rare occurences and taxonomic difficulties,tadpole shrimps have been insufficiently studied.However,protection of these crustaceans is inseparably connected with conservation of once numerous,periodically drying reservoirs as tadpole shrimps are referred as keystone species of such habitats.Thus,the aim of this review article is to sum up and dissemi­nate current state of knowledge about Notostraca by a general overview of available international literature.This might help to engage more scientists into research and conservation of these little known,yet interesting crusta­ceans and their unique habitats.
  • 摘要：Restoration ecology is a multidisciplinary science that exchanges several concepts with other scientific fields to improve its practices.In this article,I discuss the ecological redundancy concept and its implications and appli­cations on ecological restoration.Ecological redundancy was coined in the early 1990s to characterize those species that play similar(equivalent)func­tions in the ecosystem.The concept made it possible to segregate species into functional groups that operate in maintaining the system.I searched the literature and found that although some restoration models naturally consider this concept,studies in areas undergoing restoration which di­rectly measure and test the ecological redundancy are still rare(n=14).I provide evidence that distinguishing redundant species and identifying key species is feasible for ecological restoration.Additionally,I suggest that redundancy should also be part of the restoration monitoring,for example,by checking if functional groups have been recovered.Theory predicts that if ecological redundancy is correctly incorporated in restoration,projects with more chances of success will be created because redundancy tends to increase ecosystem resilience.Resilience is a crucial factor for restoration sustainability in a changing environment.
  • 摘要：In this study,an analysis of organic fertilizer of an agro-waste(Sesame straw)plus cow dung was carried out using an epigeic earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Perionyx sansibaricus.Sesame straw is abundantly produced after each harvesting of the crop in Kharif season in arid region of tropical India.The compost produced in presence and absence of earthworm exhibit significant(P<0.001)and non-significant(P>0.05)changes in physicochemical properties respectively.In control bedding,the values of water holding capacity enhanced significantly(P<0.05)by 1.28 fold,while organic carbon and C/N ratio decreased significantly(P<0.05)by 19.93%and 31.25%respectively after 60 days of composting.Working of E.fetida in the bedding material showed significant(P<0.001)difference in the level of pH,electrical conductivity,water holding capacity,organic carbon,total nitrogen,C/N ratio,available phosphorous and available potassium.After 60 days of working of P.sansibaricus,these physicochemical properties of the bedding substrate also changed significantly(P<0.001).Analysis of vermibed showed a gradual increase in electrical conductivity,water holding capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium by 1.51,1.86,1.95,1.78 and 1.75 fold respectively.While the values of pH,organic carbon and C/N ratio declined by 9.30%,41.80%and 71.48%respectively within 60 days of decomposition.Thus,E.fetida and P.sansibaricus can be applied for production of organic fertilizer of sesame chaff plus cow dung to fulfill the requirement of bio-fertilizers for organic farming and agro-waste management in arid environment.
  • 摘要：This work aims at studying different green spaces’experiences in developed countries and extrapolates the experiences to Oromia cities in Ethiopia;in order to investigate and promote greenery infrastructure in selected cities.To do that greenery practice performance data were collected in four cities,which were classified into two groups as good and weak performers.As a result,Adama and Bishoftu cities were good urban greenery performers whereas Burayu and Sebeta were weak performers.The cities were also selected non-randomly to investigate the current urban greenery practice and different green areas in each city.Eight green areas were taken as samples for observation,where qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources.The assessment of data confirmed that green areas along the roadside,recreational parks,open areas,and nursery sites existed in most cities.The urban plan of some cities does exclude most green area components.Greenery sites in Bishoftu and Adama are relatively better,while in Burayu and Sebeta urban greenery are highly abused for changing to another type of land use,e.g.,residential and institutional areas.The technical skills of tree planting,care,protection,and management were also observed as a collective resource.
  • 摘要：The development of ecological economics is a major strategy for development in the 21st century.Although scholars have been rising more and more interesting for ecological economic over the past 10 years,it is still unclear what is the change will be facing in the future.In order to provide a theoretical basis for the future development of ecological economy,our article analyzes the current research progress of ecological economy on the basis of a bibliometric analysis.The results show that(1)sustainable development of an ecological economy is a hot research topic;(2)there is little cooperation and exchange between institutions and among scholars regarding ecological economics;(3)the number of publications on ecological economics is increasing,with a relatively large number being published in China.Therefore,we must strengthen the cooperation between institutions and among scholars and improve the research content,vision,and methods in this field.This study provides a theoretical basis for the future development of ecological economy.
  • 摘要：The research was conducted in chaha wereda gurage zone SNNP region of Ethiopia.The aim of the study was to assess opportunity and challenges of degraded land rehabilitation.From the total population of the study area 20%(73)respondents were selected in order to achieve the objective of the study at hand,for the study both primary and secondary data was generated.The primary data collection was started with a preliminary survey followed by a key informant interview,focus group discussion,and household survey with questionnaires.The secondary data were collected from books,unpublished thesis,project report,and workshops,open ended questionnaire and checklists for interview.The households were selected using stratified sampling technique(Cochran)sample size formula the process of analysis of the study was carried out using qualitative description and quantitative analysis.The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics,the quantitative data were analyzed frequency and percentage when appropriate the qualitative data were discussed to substantiate the study.And the results were expressed in the form of tables and graphs.The findings of the study indicated that limited labor availability,high cost of maintenance.Lack of knowledge,soil conditions,high surfaces runoff,poor vegetation coverage,poor monitoring and evaluation,poor implementation and poor training on the technology use are major challenges.
  • 摘要：Due to the excessive use of mineral resources,more greenhouse effect gases have been emitted into the atmosphere.The global warming effect induced by human activity has been intensified much more than ever before.Accordingly,ecology systems are being suffered significant changes over the world.Soil is one of our most important natural resources.Physically,soil is the crust surface of the earth that can supply nutrients and support for plant growth.It often determines the nature of the vegetation present and related animals in number and types.Soils provide habitats for a myriad of living organisms,from small mammals and reptiles to tiny insects to microscopic cells of unimaginable numbers and diversity.Moreover,soil plays an important role as an engineering medium in human-built ecosystems[1].Therefore,the understanding of soil and its response to the global warming is important for the harmony of human and environment.
  • 摘要：The water network plays an important role in maintaining the stability of regional water resource and ecological environment.It is also affecting the harmonious development between environment and economy.Guangxi is one of the provinces with relatively rich water resources in China,while the ecological water network exists deficiencies and faces challenges.The current situation and defects of ecological water network in Guangxi province will be discussed.By studying the experience of the establishing and the preserve of ecological water network in various regions at home and abroad,some suggestions and targeted measures will be mentioned for a better ecological water network in Guangxi.
  • 摘要：Agricultural systems result of the coevolution between social and natural systems,where biodiversity and natural resources play an important role,emerging interactions between crops and the natural environment that allow the development of ecological processes which interact with external inputs.This research aims to describe the agricultural practices developed by the Guarani Indigenous people in the agricultural systems located within the biodiversity corridor of the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest.This exploratory study is focused on multiple cases,with a qualitative approach and from data collected during 2017 and 2018 in eleven indigenous communities.The main practices developed for the management of biodiversity are polyculture,rotation,and embroideries;they also practice agroforestry and livestock-raising.The main difficulty they face is the reduction of the surrounding biodiversity,which affects the sustainability of the system.This study shows ways for nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation according to current needs for greening the economy.

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