河海交互作用与黄东海域古扬子大三角洲体系研究

摘要

河海交互作用与堆积型大陆架发育,是中国海浅海地貌的主要特色.发源于世界屋脊的大河中有5条汇入中国海,源远流长,携运了巨量泥沙被阻积于岛弧背侧的边缘海中.经过漫长的新生代地质时期,尤其是在中、晚更新世堆积为陆架,并经历着全新世海侵过程中的浪流改造.作者通过近30年对区域海岸海洋研究的成果积累,逐渐认识到:在南黄海-东海海域,分布着一个巨型的三角洲体系:基底的大三角洲是中、晚更新世由古长江、古黄河两条世界级大河输水供沙,受季风波浪和潮流作用形成的,其发育时代应在长江贯通下游汇入黄、东海以后;其上叠置发育了规模逐次减小的古江河三角洲、南黄海辐射沙脊群、全新世—现代长江三角洲和历史时期的废黄河三角洲,组成巨型的复合三角洲体系,表层经全新世以来海侵改造发育了波浪与潮流共同作用的沙脊地貌.大三角洲体系覆盖着东海及南黄海海底,形成大陆架表层沉积地貌.这一巨型的河-海交互作用大陆架、三角洲体系,独具特色,具有重大的研究价值.建议:首先需进行一体化全方位的多项调查,包括遥感影像判识,水深与地震剖面探测,海底底质与钻孔取样,以及现代水文泥沙测量等,阐明其分布与环境特征;再进一步开展多学科交叉研究——地质地理、地貌、沉积、海洋动力、海平面变化与河流变迁、海洋地理信息系统等,期以阐明古扬子大三角洲体系各组成部分分布的范围、沉积组成和地貌特点,以及相互叠置关系.最终期以揭示中、晚更新世以来河-海交互作用过程与动力机制、海岸变迁与陆架堆积发育等基础科学问题,为亚太边缘海与大河相互作用的堆积型陆架发育提供实证,丰富海洋地质学理论.同时,可阐明现代海岸滩涂的蚀、淤动态,为新生土地资源规划利用,物源及陆架海疆权益维护提供重要的科学依据.%China seas are characterized by river-sea interaction and accumulative continental shelf. With the association of arc islands,there is a set of marginal seas developed along China coastal areas. To carry huge amount of sediments, five of seven large rivers origin from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ultimately flow into China seas. With sufficient sediments supply,a wide accumulative continental shelf was formed during Cenozoic era. This paper studies geomorphologic formation of the continental shelf in South Yellow Sea and East China Sea, where sediment discharge from the Yellow River and the Changjiang River are the major sources in contributing terrigenous deposits. According to the researches conducted in the last 3 decades,it is eventually realized that,there is a grand delta system distributed in the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The base of the system was an original delta, located between 34°30'N to rn26°N from north to south,and eastward boundaried as -100~-150m water depth,with the Changjiang River mouth rnand Hangzhou Estuary as it's centre, forward to sea as a 230° arc shaped delta deposited on the sea bottom. The base delta was formed during Mid-Late Pleistocene when ancient Changjiang River started to run into the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. This bottom delta was originating from the huge river sediments, discharged from ancient Changjiang and Yellow River, and being reshaped by waves and tidal currents. Upon the huge bottom delta, there are four delta unions superimposed on the top,and developed in different geological time: Paleo Changjiang-Yellow River delta and radiative sand ridge field of Late Pleistocene, Holocene-Modern Changjiang River delta and abandoned Yellow River delta of historical time. The Paleo-Yangtze Grand Delta System geographically covers most areas of East China Sea and South Yellow Sea, which forms continental sedimentary geomorphology. A multidimensional survey to this region is proposed in the paper, which includes RS analysis, water depth and hydro-dynamic survey, seismic profile survey on bottom stratigraphical structure, sea-bottom surface and sedimentary core sampling, followed by multi-disciplinary scientific studies of marine geology, marine sedimentology, marine dynamics, land-sea interaction, sea-level change and marine CIS etc. Through the comprehensive study, it is expected that the geographical range of Paleo-Yangtze Grand Delta System could be identified, the sedimentary structure and geomorphologic features of the delta system could be revealed. Furthermore, the study will re-build the land-sea interaction process and dynamic mechanisms during Mid-Late Pleistocene in the region,and supply case study on the development of accumulative continental shelf, which will also provide theoretical input to marine geology. Further study of this grand delta system will contribute important scientific guideline to reveal the developing trend of eroding-depositing dynamics of modern tidal flat,to legitimately plan potential land resources in. the region,and to contribute important scientific evidences to guard the National territorial sea-rights.